Servant leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hireling administration - Research Paper Example At the hierarchical level, administration remains center. Contingent upon the nature and adequacy of the administration utilized in an association, the association may succeed and encounter expanded profitability, or it may encounter antagonistic impacts. This is mostly in light of the fact that, in an association, initiative affects representatives, and other essential capacities that decide the profitability level of the association. This paper talks about initiative in an association, for the most part basing on the model of worker administration that was progressed by Greenleaf H., and extraordinary consideration is attracted to the not for benefits associations. All associations must have a type of initiative; be that as it may, authority shifts relying upon the sort of association. Hence, there is a distinction in the manner in which authority is rehearsed in not revenue driven associations and those associations in the open part. As indicated by Erickson (2007) research on initiative in not revenue driven associations is scant, as more exploration endeavors are focused on the associations in the open segment. Hence, by concentrating more on authority in not revenue driven associations, this paper will make significant commitment to the information on this point. As indicated by Eisenhower Dwight, â€Å"Leadership is the craft of getting another person to accomplish something you need done on the grounds that he needs to do it† (Hughes et al, 2006, p. 405). This demonstrates for one to be a pioneer, the person in question must have an effect on the adherents. It can likewise be finished up from this definition that all together for a pioneer to guarantee the achievement of their association, the person must make duty among the supporters, who are representatives, and furthermore guarantee that the workers are eager to move in the direction of progress in various parts of the association. The previous decades have seen extraordinary change in the social, financial, and political perspectives in

Antoine Busnois Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Antoine Busnois - Essay Example With respect to a reality, one of his most popular work Lhomme Arme 'is as yet perceived and even utilized in a few melodic and dramatic introductions today. Lhomme Arme', like different works of Busnois is a psalm of showed craftsmanship that identifies with the spirit of anybody hearing it. Thus, numerous artists saw the chance of utilizing this specific psalm in creating mass music subsequently proposing that utilization of the said psalm never goes without a doubt exhausting in any event, when it is more than once applied in various melodies. As a psalm, Lhomme Arme' is a melodic factor that improves different songs that when it is joined with other melodic game plans, it turns out to be all the more speaking to the ear and warming to the heart. Antoine Busnois essentially amassed in creating music that is musical and straightforward. Individuals during his time were noted to legitimately react to his music. Without a doubt, the brightness of his song enriches the way that the French craftsmanship depicts both effortlessness and multifaceted nature in such huge numbers of terms. The courses of action might be intricate sooner or later yet the effortlessness of the sound delivered by such a mind boggling plan warms the spirit of anybody hearing it. Sound has been a predominant idea in the general public influencing and impacting mankind from multiple points of view known to man. As a result of the persuasive idea of music, this medium is seen to a compelling apparatus for society in various perspective. Each component of the general idea of sound turns into a noteworthy one in particular the voice, music, audio effects, climate and even quietness. Every one of these components brings an alternate criticalness basically underscoring the statement of the general topic of a specific task. The utilization of voice can fundamentally impact the comprehension of the communicated thought of the specific open or crowd being pointed at. The inflection of the voice of the speaker can assign the feeling of the individual and their uproar or delicateness will portray the character, authority and character of the speaker. The utilization of ambient sounds, audio cues either through recurrent or constant mean can strengthen nature's feeling which can later add to the character of the speaker and additionally character and can empower the interest and eagerness of the crowd. Likewise, these components can altogether add to the importance and force of the idea being communicated by the specific task therefore helping its paper and comprehension by the general population. What's more, the work of the impacts of quietness as a foundation can likewise add to the outflow of the general subject as it can set phases of energy in this manner advancing the crowd's advantage (Altman, 1992). Along these lines, the work of sound through the use of every one of its components can essentially add to the general subject of a specific undertaking as it advances a superior correspondence approach between the principle idea and its crowd. The utilization of sound can encourages the exposition and comprehension of the open accordingly helping the adequacy of the undertaking of imparting a specific idea and its importance to the general public. With respect to Antoine Busnois' essential creations, he utilizes the sound of his music to send

Graduation Lookbook

Graduation Lookbook As our seniors start counting down the days until graduation, the first question people bring up is: What are your plans after college? Below are some of the responses you might hear! 1. Job A large percent of our graduating classes go on to land a job within six of months of graduation. And according to statistics by Illini Success, the average salary for full-time employed graduates was around $60,000 in 2018. Many of our recruiting events and career fairs help students land prestigious jobs and positions around the country upon graduation. 2. Internship In today’s economy, it may be hard to land a good job right away. So, many of our students sign internship positions at top companies to gain more experience, which may eventually lead to full-time jobs! This is a great time to learn more about your field and get a taste of what a working adult life is like. Career Fair Spring 2019 3. Grad School A lot of students go on to graduate school to pursue higher studies. In fact, Illinois offers countless masters and PhD programs on campus. From business to health professions, Illinois has a lot to offer and can provide the necessary resources for you to find the right program for you after graduating. 4. Gap Year Gap years, in my opinion, are becoming less trivial as the years go by. Many of my friends are graduating this year, but plan to take a year to travel or strengthen their resume or application before applying for jobs and graduate school programs. For some people, this is a good opportunity to reflect on their accomplishments and take a little extra time to map out the next few years. Planning your future is a daunting task, so never feel discouraged about taking an extra year to truly figure out what you want to do next. As you can tell, there are so many options to choose from post-graduation! Illinois has all the resources you need to find what’s right for you. Visit our career center to get more information! Kripa Class of 2020 I'm majoring in Psychology, minoring in Spanish, and pursuing a pre-dental track. It seems like I’m all over the place, but that’s what I like about college! I get to choose to study what I’m interested in, and I’m happy to be doing just that at Illinois.

How to Survive Your Admissions Interview

Getting into a private school isnt as simple as just deciding to go. You must apply, which means youre going to need to submit an application, take a test  and prepare for the admission interview.   Why? Because schools want to get to know you in person to see how you will fit into their community. They have your transcripts, recommendations, and test scores to give  them a profile of your abilities. But, they also want to see the person behind all those stats and achievements. Check out these 12 tips on how to survive your admission interview: 1. Plan Ahead The interview is important, so make sure you schedule one well in advance of the interview deadlines. This also gives you time to prepare for the interview and review some potential interview questions that might be asked of you, and give you a chance to come up with some potential questions to ask your interviewer. 2. Take a Deep Breath and Relax An admission interview  can be  stressful, but theres nothing to worry about. Dont be scared and dont worry about how you look or what they will ask you; we have tips to help you with all of that. Remember: almost everybody is nervous at an interview. The admissions staff know this and will do their best to make you feel comfortable, at ease and as relaxed as possible. The trick is to not let your nerves get the better of you. Use your nerves to give you that natural edge and alertness you need to present yourself in the best light possible. 3. Be Yourself Be on your best behavior, socially speaking, but be yourself. While we all want to put our best foot forward when we interview, its important to remember that schools want to get to know you, not some perfectly poised robotic version of you that you think the interviewer wants to see.  Think positively. As a rule, the school will be trying to sell itself to you as much as you are trying to sell yourself to it. 4. Leave the Technology Behind Always turn off your cell phone, iPad and other devices before you go into the interview and put them away. It is rude to text or read messages or playing games during an interview. Even your smartwatch can be a distraction, so take a temporary hiatus from technology during your interview, which usually lasts only about 30 minutes. To avoid the temptation, leave your devices behind with your parents in the waiting room (and make sure the sound is off!).   5. Make a Good First Impression From the first moment you step foot on campus, remember that you want to make a good first impression. Greet people you meet openly, looking them in the eye, shaking hands, and saying hello. Dont whisper, dont stare at the ground and dont slouch. Good posture makes a strong impression. That goes for the interview itself, too. Sit up tall in your chair and dont jitter or fidget. Dont bite your nails or pull at your hair, and never chew gum. Be polite and respectful. Please and thank you are always appreciated and go a long way to indicating respect for authority and your elders and even your peers, should you meet other students. 6. Dress for Success Its common for students to ask, What should I wear to my private school interview? Lets remember that youre applying to private school, and most schools have strict dress codes and high standards for their students. You cant roll up to the interview looking like you just fell  out of bed and couldnt care less about the experience. Wear comfortable clothes appropriate for the occasion. Look up the schools dress code and do your best to align. You dont have to go out and buy the uniform itself if they have one, but make sure youre dressing appropriately. For girls, opt for a plain blouse and skirt or slacks, or a nice dress, and shoes that arent sneakers or flip flops. Use minimal makeup and accessories. Keep your hairstyle simple. Remember that youre applying to school, not to walk the runway. For boys, opt for a plain shirt, slacks and shoes (no sneakers) work for most situations. There is nothing wrong with expressing your individuality. Just make sure that the way you express it is appropriate. 7. Be Honest Dont lie or panic. If you dont know the answer to the interviewers question, say so. Look her in the eye and admit that you do not know the answer. Similarly, if she asks you a question you dont want to answer, dont avoid it. For example, if she asks why you failed algebra, explain why that happened and what you are doing about it. Showing that youre willing to own a mistake or problem and are actively working to fix it can go a long way. If attending their school is part of your strategy for improvement, say so. Honesty is an admirable personal quality which schools prize in an applicant.  Give truthful answers. If you are not a top student, admit it and tell the interviewer how you plan to achieve better results. Remember, they will see your transcript! Interviewers like to see an honest appraisal of ones strengths and weaknesses. If you can point to some challenge you had in your school work, for example, not understanding quadratic equations, and how you overcame that, you will impress the interviewer with your positive attitude and approach to life. This goes back to being honest. If you are honest and truthful, you will learn more and learn more easily. 8. Ask Questions Ask questions about the school, its programs, and facilities. Find out how it can help you achieve your goals. Determine as best you can how the schools philosophy meshes with yours.  Dont feel like you should ask questions just to ask, but instead, be sure to cover the topics you and your parents want to know more about. For example, you may be an avid  linguist who wants to study Mandarin. Ask in-depth questions about the Chinese Studies program, its faculty and so on. Its also important to do your research before the interview though. Dont show up asking if they have a soccer team; thats the kind of information you can easily find online. Also, dont ask a question that was already answered earlier in the interview. That shows youre not paying attention. You can, however, ask for more details about something you talked about earlier. 9. Pay  Attention Listen carefully to the questions being asked and what is being said. Is what you are hearing what you want to hear or is the school just not suitable for you? You will get a feel for that early in the interview. The last thing you want to do is zone out during the interview and not know what the interviewer said.   10. Be Thoughtful Think before you answer. Avoid mannerisms such as like and you know. Careless speech patterns can indicate a lack of discipline and general sloppiness. Standard business English is always acceptable. That does not mean that you have to repress your personality. If you are a free spirit, let that side of you show. Communicate clearly and convincingly. Make your points without being rude or overbearing. 11. Reflect When the interview is over, record your observations and compare these with your parents. Both of you will want to discuss these observations with your consultant later. Those recollections are important because they help determine which school is the best fit for you. 12. Follow Up Its important to follow up with your interviewer once its over. If theres time, send a handwritten thank you note to your interviewer. It will speak volumes for your ability to follow through and your personal sincerity. It doesnt need to be long, just a quick note thanking your interviewer for the meeting and perhaps reminding him of why you want to attend the school. If youre short on time, an email is a suitable alternative if youre on a fast track for decisions with limited time between the interview and decisions.

Are We Free Essay - 1616 Words

John Locke stated that every individual has unalienable natural rights given at birth. As humans, we have the right to life, liberty, and property. In Locke social contract theory, we get the notion on how this theory works in defining and analyzing what freedom means. As a society, we are free to a certain extent. In order for a society to co-exist, people have to give up their sovereignty to a government in order to receive benefits and maintain social order. Without an authority of a government, life would be â€Å"nasty, brutish, and short†, according to Locke. As a society, we cannot run around like animals. An anarchist type government to achieve complete freedom would not triumph in any society. In this essay, I will discuss and†¦show more content†¦Charlotte Perkins Gilman makes this clear that women should no longer face oppression in the workforce or only be a servant to the husband and children. Women also wanted to make their mark in our society and duri ng WWII, who were the ones that kept America moving forward? The women of America kept us going and Gilman helped women by changing the norms about them. Women are able to make something out of their lives and not to only stay as house wives. In her book, Women and Economics, Gilman wrote about how the new women’s movement would affect the roles of women for their survival. Gilman book would lead for a new path for women’s freedoms of what they can accomplish both in the work environment and at home Women fought for equal work opportunities and equal pay in the workforce. Women were also in control of their own body with freedom of sexual expression and reproductive choices. With women joining the labor market, we have the birth control movement in which prevented the unwanted of a child. During this time there was a strong emphasis of sex education and information on contraception for women. Women no longer wanted to stay at home and raise multiple children. Dur ing the 20th century, Americans advocated the strengthening of our civil liberties. Freedom of speech, press, religion, and the right to assemble are all key aspects in which the American people exercise their civil rights and freedoms. In order to achieve and maintain these freedoms,Show MoreRelatedAre We Really Free?1634 Words   |  7 Pages The main questions for this paper is are we really free? This is for some people a difficult question to answer but for some they do not give it much thought. But when you look at it from a philosophical standpoint, it is not a simple answer. Some people look at the question with an open mind, some with a closed mind. I will be comparing and contrasting the three points that support the question are we free, and end with what I feel is the best viewpoint. Each point will be a summary of what IRead MoreAre We Really Free?1314 Words   |  6 Pagesby William Grieder he talks about what it is like to be an American worker in our society. He poses a question, â€Å"are Americans really free?† (Greider) This is a tough question to answer, what is our definition of free and how is freedom accomplished? Do we have more freedoms than the older generations? What roads have been paved for us and what disadvantages are we facing now? Grieder’s bottom line in this article was that communication is key for a successful business, is that accurate? These areRead MoreWhat We Can Not Be Free Until They Are Free Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"We cannot be free until they are free,† said the late and great James Baldwin in an excerpt from â€Å"A Letter to My Nephew: The Fire Next Time†. Never has there ever been a truer statement on the outlook of the American people. Now we have writer, Ta-Nehisi Coates, who has been likened to James Baldwin, and because of his style in â€Å"Between the World and Me.† However, in classic Coates style, what we get from this book is tales of childhood in Wes t Baltimore, violence, gang, love, hope, education, policeRead MoreAre We Free Within Society?!1405 Words   |  6 PagesFor me, I find that there are two different answers to the question: â€Å"Are we free within Society?† - and that there are many variations, with thanks to culture, socialization, social interaction and social structure. For the most part I find freedom all around. Ill give some examples of that and show some areas where I see others struggle with finding a sense of freedom, whether it be external or within. First, what is freedom? Its an ambiguous term that can hold many different meanings toRead MoreDo We Have Free Will?1560 Words   |  7 PagesDo we have free will? Whether we have free will is widely controversial. The absence of a universal definition poses a primary problem to this question. In this essay, I shall base my argument on a set of three conditions for free will: 1) that the actor is unconstraint in his action, 2) the actor could have acted otherwise and 3) the actor must be ‘ultimately responsible’ (Kane, 2005: 121) for his action. After I have explained them, I shall apply these conditions to three scenarios that coverRead MoreWe Are Born Free And Equal Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pages To understand human rights we first have got to understand what those rights even are. The United Nations created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on December 10th, 1948. In this document, there are 30 listed human rights. These rights as defined by the United Nations are seen as fundamental for living and for a normal human existence. Article One: We are Born Free and Equal, Article Two: Freedom from Discrimination, and Arti cle Three: The Right to Life help define our human rights. Read MoreAmeric Are We Really Free?903 Words   |  4 Pages America: Are we really free? Every day, nearly one-third of U.S. children ages four to nineteen eat from a fast food restaurant this adds on about six extra pounds per child every year and increases their risk of obesity (Fast Food). In my research I learned a lot about the health risks that come with eating fast food. Fast food causes childhood obesity rates in America to increase because of its convenience, ingredients, and lack of telling people what is in the food. The convenience of fast foodRead MoreWe Are No Longer Slaves, But We Sure Aren t Free ! Essay2220 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"We are no longer slaves, but we sure aren’t free!† (Pat’s Justice) I heard this line in a poem by African-American poet, Pat’s Justice, discussing racial inequality and injustice he had faced growing up in an unprivileged neighborhood. Racism and discrimination remains to pierce through the skin of many throughout the globe. Generations of immigrants and their children whom are citizens still feel unwanted in the United States. People to this day have faced ignorance because of the pigmentationRead MoreAn Argument For Free Will. As An Outset, We Should First1343 Words   |  6 PagesAn Argument for Free Will As an outset, we should first get a clear understanding of what â€Å"free will† actually means. â€Å"A being has free will if given all other causal factors in the universe (genetic and environmental, physical and chemical†¦) it nevertheless possesses the ability to choose more than one thing† (Caplan, 1997) There are many different definitions of freedom, but the kind of freedom I want to address is one where an individual can do as he or she pleases even if bound by chains toRead MoreDo We Have a Free Will? Essay example1462 Words   |  6 Pages Do We Have A Free Will? An individual with â€Å"Free Will† is capable of making vital decisions and choices in life with own free consent. The individual chooses these decisions without any outside influence from a set of â€Å"alternative possibilities.† The idea of â€Å"free will† imposes a certain kind of power on an individual to make decisions of which he or she is morally responsible. This implies that â€Å"free will† would include a range of aspects such as originality, moral value, and self-governance. However

Viet Free Essays

Today, the process of globalization has created relationships with other countries. To communicate with other countries need a common language. English has become the most popular language and binds people. We will write a custom essay sample on Viet or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Language is an important part of human life + Language shows the development of human. + Through language human can communicate, exchange information and convey experiences. + show feeling and save information + help to develop mind * English is the most common language in the world. + many countries use English as their mother tongue essay writers online. many countries choose English to teach at school as foreign language + The Industrial Revolution that began in England and spread to other countries. English was spread, too. + know English you can communicate with many people in over the world + through English, people can study about cultural, traditional, law, history of other countries. + make friend and study at someone in other country. +set of economic and diplomatic relation uith the countries of the world. + break the language barrier So, try to learn english better: study more vocabularies, gramma, practise english skill. English has made the greatest contribution to the promotion of better understanding Which language do you think has made the greatest contribution to the promotion of better understanding among the people of the world? The human race is divided by a multiplicity of languages, many of which have come to play an important part in the affairs of the world. A little reflection reveals that the importance of a language is associated mainly with the ideas and knowledge it contains. The more ideas a language can convey to the people of the world, the more it will be used by people everywhere. Thus, the language that is used most extensively is the language that makes the greatest contribution to human progress and mutual understanding between people. It cannot be denied that today the most widely used language is the English language. There are few countries in which this language is not understood or used. Even the countries which preached hatred for everything English, including the English language, during their struggle for  independence  from British rule such as India, found it difficult to dispense with this language after they became independent. Therefore, they not only continued to use English in all spheres of public activity but also began to encourage the use and study of the English language as means of achieving national progress and unity. These efforts on the part of the various countries of the world convey an idea of the importance of the English language. It would be instructive, however, to consider the reason for the extensive use of the English language. One of the reasons is that several countries in the world have been occupied mainly by immigrants from England such as the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand. It is therefore not surprising that the people of such countries have continued to use the English language, though they have severed their independent status, for one cannot discard one’s language easily. Another reason is that, in the course of history, a large number of countries throughout the world came directly under British rule, where English was made the main language for administrative, commercial and all other purposes. As the leading colonial power in the world, England has indeed exerted a profound influence on the affairs of the world, though its colonial possessions are rapidly becoming independent one after the other. Concomitantly, the English language too has come to play a leading role in international communication. Thus, many people whose native language is not English have studied English and become more conversant with English than with their own languages. This is especially true with the leaders of the people to whom English is a foreign language. As a result, the English language is used by them not only in the administration of their countries but also in all their institutions of higher learning. The most important reason for the pre-eminence of the English language, however, is that it is the source of all knowledge. The Industrial Revolution that began in England and spread to other countries revealed the English genius for invention. Even the political and social institutions of England, which were affected tremendously by the Industrial Revolution, have evoked the admiration of all countries. The knowledge, ideas, experiences and profound thoughts of the English people have made a deep impression on the minds of the people of other countries. Innumerable books have been written in the English language on all branches of study, and such is the thirst of English scholars for knowledge and their desire to communicate it, that they have even translated books of great value from other language to English for the benefit of all. Writers of other nationalities too have written a great number of books in English and made a substantial contribution to the enrichment of the English language. As a result of all these efforts, the English language has become the main avenue to the greatest storehouse of information. Therefore, people everywhere have developed a special respect for the language and they continue to learn it with avidity. As the English language is used so extensively, it is mainly in this language that the people of the world communicate with and understand one another. No other language has such a wide appeal. In my opinion, it is the English language that has made the greatest contribution to the promotion of the better understanding among the people of the world. NEW WORDS: 1. multiplicity (n): vo s? 2. mutual (adj): qua l? i, l? n nhau 3. preach (v): ch? truong, thuy? giao 4. immigrant (n) : ngu? i nh? p cu 5. connexion (n) : m? i quan h? 6. discard (v) : v? t b? , th? i h? i 7. administrative (adj) : (thu? c) hanh chinh 8. commercial (adj) : (thu? c) thuong m? i 9. concomitantly (adv) : di doi v? i, d? ng th? i 10. pre-eminence (n) : suu vi? t hon h? n 11. evoke (v): g? i len 12. innumerable (adj) : vo s? 13. substantial (adj) : l? n lao, dang k? , quan tr? ng 14. avidity (n ) : s? khat khao 15. appeal (n) : s? h? p d? n Anh da co nh? ng dong gop l? n nh? t vao vi? c thuc d? y s? hi? u bi? t t? t hon Ngon ng? ma b? n co nghi r? ng da co nh? g dong gop l? n nh? t vao vi? c thuc d? y s? hi? u bi? t t? t hon gi? a nh? ng ngu? i c? a th? gi? i? Loai ngu? i du? c chia m? t da d? ng c? a ngon ng? , nhi? u trong s? do da d? n d? dong m? t vai tro quan tr? ng trong cac v? n d? c? a th? gi? i. M? t s? ph? n anh it cho th? y t? m quan tr? ng c? a m? t ngon ng? co lien quan ch? y? u v? i nh? ng y tu? ng va ki? n th? c trong do. Nh? ng y tu? ng hon m? t ngon ng? co th? truy? n d? t cho ngu? i dan tren th? gi? i, cang co nhi? u no s? du? c s? d? ng b? i nh? ng ngu? i ? kh? p m? i noi. Nhu v? y, ngon ng? du? c s? d? ng r? g rai nh? t la ngon ng? ma lam cho s? dong gop l? n nh? t d? i v? i s? ti? n b? c? a con ngu? i va hi? u bi? t l? n nhau gi? a con ngu? i. No khong th? ph? nh? n r? ng ngay nay cac ngon ng? du? c s? d? ng r? ng rai nh? t la ti? ng Anh. Co r? t it q u? c gia ma ngon ng? nay khong hi? u ho? c s? d? ng. Ngay c? cac nu? c ma rao gi? ng long cam thu cho t? t c? m? i th? ti? ng Anh, bao g? m c? ngon ng? ti? ng Anh, trong cu? c d? u tranh gianh d? c l? p kh? i ach th? ng tr? c? a Anh nhu ? n D? , th? y kho khan d? phan chia v? i ngon ng? nay sau khi h? da tr? thanh d? c l? p. Do do, h? hong ch? ti? p t? c s? d? ng ti? ng Anh trong m? i linh v? c c? a ho? t d? ng cong c? ng nhung cung b? t d? u khuy? n khich vi? c s? d? ng va nghien c? u v? ngon ng? ti? ng Anh lam phuong ti? n d? d? t du? c ti? n b? t? c va th? ng nh? t. Nh? ng n? l? c tren m? t ph? n c? a cac qu? c gia khac nhau tren th? gi? i chuy? n t? i m? t y tu? ng v? t? m quan tr? ng c? a ngon ng? ti? ng Anh. No s? la giao hoa, tuy nhien, xem xet cac ly do cho vi? c s? d? ng r? ng rai c? a ngon ng? ti? ng Anh. M? t trong nh? ng ly do la m? t s? qu? c gia tren th? gi? i da b? chi? m dong b? i ch? y? u la ngu? nh? p cu t? nu? c Anh nhu Hoa K? , Uc va New Zealand. Do do, khong ng? c nhien khi ngu? i dan nu? c nay da ti? p t? c s? d? ng ngon ng? ti? ng Anh, m? c du h? da c? t d? t tinh tr? ng d? c l? p c? a h? , cho ngu? i ta khong th? lo? i b? ngon ng? m? t cach d? dang. M? t ly do khac la, trong qua trinh l? ch s? , m? t s? lu? ng l? n cac qu? c gia tren kh? p th? gi? i da tr? c ti? p du? i s? cai tr? c? a Anh, noi ma ti? ng Anh da du? c th? c hi? n ngon ng? chinh cho hanh chinh, thuong m? i va t? t c? cac m? c dich khac. Nhu s? c m? nh thu? c d? a hang d? u tren th? gi? i, Anh da th? s? t? o du? c m? t ? nh hu? ng sau s? c d? n cac v? n d? c? a th? gi? i, m? c du thu? c d? a c? a no nhanh chong tr? thanh d? c l? p sau khi khac. D? ng th? i, ti? ng Anh cung da d? n d? dong m? t vai tro hang d? u trong giao ti? p qu? c t?. Vi th? , nhi? u ngu? i ma ti? ng m? d? khong ph? i la ti? ng Anh da h? c ti? ng Anh va tr? thanh th? o hon v? i ti? ng Anh hon v? i ngon ng? c? a h?. Di? u nay d? c bi? t dung v? i cac nha lanh d? o c? a nh? ng ngu? i ma ti? ng Anh la m? t ngon ng? nu? c ngoai. K? t qu? la, cac ngon ng? ti? ng Anh du? c s? d? ng b? i chung khong ch? rong chinh quy? n c? a cac qu? c gia c? a h? ma con trong t? t c? cac t? ch? c c? a h? v? h? c t? p cao hon. Ly do quan tr? ng nh? t cho s? uu vi? t c? a ngon ng? ti? ng Anh, tuy nhien, la no la ngu? n g? c c? a t? t c? ki? n th? c. Cu? c cach m? ng cong nghi? p b? t d? u ? Anh va lan sang cac nu? c khac cho th? y thien tai ti? ng Anh cho sang ch?. Ngay c? nh? ng th? ch? chinh tr? va xa h? i c? a nu? c Anh, ma da b? ?nh hu? ng m? nh b? i cu? c cach m? ng cong nghi? p, da khoi d? y s? ngu? ng m? c? a t? t c? cac nu? c. Ki? n th? c, y tu? ng, kinh nghi? m va suy nghi sau s? c c? ngu? i dan Anh da th? c hi? n m? t ? n tu? ng sau s? c trong suy nghi c? a ngu? i dan cac nu? c khac. Vo s? sach da du? c vi? t b? ng ngon ng? ti? ng Anh tren t? t c? cac nganh nghien c? u, va nhu v? y la con khat c? a cac h? c gi? Anh bi? t va mong mu? n truy? n d? t no c? a h? , r? ng h? th? m chi con d? ch cu? n sach co gia tr? l? n t? ngon ng? khac ti? ng Anh cho cac l? i ich c? a t? t c?. Nha van c? a cac dan t? c khac cung da vi? t m? t s? lu? ng l? n cac cu? n sach b? ng ti? ng Anh va co dong gop dang k? cho vi? c lam giau ngon ng? ti? ng Anh. La k? t qu? c? a t? t c? nh? g n? l? c nay, ti? ng Anh da tr? thanh con du? ng chinh d? cac kho l? n nh? t c? a thong tin. Do do, m? i ngu? i ? kh? p m? i noi da phat tri? n m? t s? ton tr? ng d? c bi? t cho ngon ng? va h? ti? p t? c tim hi? u no v? i s? khao khat. Nhu ngon ng? ti? ng Anh du? c s? d? ng r? t r? ng rai, ch? y? u la trong ngon ng? nay la ngu? i c? a th? gi? i giao ti? p va hi? u nhau. Khong co ngon ng? khac co m? t khang cao r? ng. Theo y ki? n c? a toi, no la ngon ng? ti? ng Anh ma da co nh? ng dong gop l? n nh? t vao vi? c thuc d? y s? hi? u bi? t t? t hon trong nhan dan tren th? gi? i. How to cite Viet, Papers

Review on Airline Operation

Question: Discuss about the Review on Airline Operation. Answer: Introduction: Airline companies in order to maintain their standard of service delivery and to reduce variability in services provided to different customers, have standardized their service delivery process and is constantly working towards developing dependable service delivery for their customers. However, the cultural norms and values of a specific customer can dictate their thinking and actions. Culture plays a crucial role on the process of service delivery and design and hence it becomes important for organisations to formulate their service delivery policies keeping in mind the nations culture where they are operating. Employees who are imbibed with their own cultural norms and beliefs are more prone to be bias in their designing and delivery of systems, processes, procedures and even communication of the organisation. Literature Review of the Article: The article discusses in detail the impact of national culture on the airline operation management. Since airline industry caters to diverse customers from around the globe, hence they should be aware of their own cultural biases, both positive and negative, on the designing and deliverance of services. The quality of airline services includes the ability to provide high quality structural (such as seats and meals), infrastructural (in form of employee service to customers), and supply chain services (in the form of check-in, transfer and arrival services) to passengers (Choi, Lee Olson, 2015). Airline uses their culture as basis to differentiate their brand in a homogenised world of fierce competition. For example, the high crash rate in Korean Airlines is attributed to the national characteristics of the employee. Since in the Korean culture, employees would not challenge their managers even it means losing their lives. On the other hand, the concept of individuality is strongly en couraged in the U.S. culture (Arif, Gupta Williams, 2013). In order to study the customer satisfaction and their perception of service quality in the airline industry scholars have used service quality measures and customer assessment surveys (Baker, 2013). Airline industry has attracted a lot of attention for the standpoint of cultural norms and values and the impact it has created on the operation of the airline as well as behaviour of the airline crew. According to Hofstede, the culture of a nation plays an important role in the management theory and has been identified as an important variable in the cultural studies of many global organisations across disciplines (Namukasa, 2013). National culture is associated with the country where the airline is based and studies have found that majority of the airline employees belongs to their local culture. For example, in a multicultural country like United States, 84 per cent of the workforce has been born and brought up in America (Hussain, Al Nasser Hussain, 2015). Based on the framework proposed by Roth and Menor, a service firm makes choices in terms of structure, infrastructure and service supply chain, which are followed by the implementation of choices within a service delivery system. It can be said that, the experience of a passenger is indeed a combination of the design of the product and how it is delivered on-board (Shaw, 2016). People coming from high Power Distance culture (PDI), accept hierarchical order, in which everybody has an assigned place and which needs no further justification (Wu Cheng, 2013). However, the concept of PDI is not useful and effective when it comes to employee-boss relationship in the workplace. This can be very well perceived in the Korean airline industry where hierarchical mindset in the organisation has led to poor service delivery and a failure in service delivery. The uncertainty avoidance characteristic makes people of a particular society or culture feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity (Karatepe Vatankhah,2014). Both service providers and employees from a culture of high uncertainty avoidance ten to act with extensive detailed planning and risk aversion. These traits do not help in todays highly competitive market, design dominant, fast and innovative service environment of the airline industry. Like other service industries, even in airline industry interaction with customers vary from one individual to another and thus uncertainty is an integral part of such transactions. Most service industries have quality rating firms that evaluates and analysis the success of a particular firm with regard to its service delivery process. This also helps customers in the initial phase of purchasing a service by viewing the service delivery rating and review. The are various dependent variable which are interconnected and plays a crucial role in determining the quality of service in airline industry. These factors include behavior of the front-line staff, service efficiency, quality of meals, comfortable seats and smooth process of check-in, transfer and arrival services. Sytrax is a world recognized brand that provides professional audit and service bench-marking programs of product and service quality. Rating firms service quality assessment can be grouped into three categories they are construction, infrastructural, structural and service supply chain based on Roth and Menors Service Delivery Systems Architecture (Karatepe Vatankhah, 2014). Conclusion: This report thus analyses the impact of national culture on the operation and service quality of airline industry. Various researchers have studied and found out how characteristics of different cultures influence airlines success of service design and delivery. The most important cultural characteristics are uncertainty avoidance, individualism and future orientation. While individualism and uncertainty avoidance hinders airlines ability to provide good quality service to passengers, future orientation strengthens and enhances the services provided by the airline industry. Thus it can be concluded by saying that, there exist an important relationship between national culture and airline service quality. Therefore awareness must be created in order to avoid culture based partiality in the operation and service delivery of airline industry. References: Arif, M., Gupta, A., Williams, A. (2013). Customer service in the aviation industryAn exploratory analysis of UAE airports.Journal of Air Transport Management,32, 1-7. Baker, D. M. A. (2013). Service quality and customer satisfaction in the airline industry: a comparison between legacy airlines and low-cost airlines.American Journal of Tourism Research,2(1), 67-77. Choi, K., Lee, D., Olson, D. L. (2015). Service quality and productivity in the US airline industry: a service quality-adjusted DEA model.Service Business,9(1), 137-160. Hussain, R., Al Nasser, A., Hussain, Y. K. (2015). Service quality and customer satisfaction of a UAE-based airline: An empirical investigation.Journal of Air Transport Management,42, 167-175. Karatepe, O. M., Vatankhah, S. (2014). The effects of high-performance work practices and job embeddedness on flight attendants' performance outcomes.Journal of Air Transport Management,37, 27-35. Namukasa, J. (2013). The influence of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty: The case of Uganda airline industry.The TQM Journal,25(5), 520-532. Shaw, S. (2016).Airline marketing and management. Routledge. Wu, H. C., Cheng, C. C. (2013). A hierarchical model of service quality in the airline industry.Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management,20, 13-22.

Battle of Raymond in the Civil War

Battle of Raymond in the Civil War Battle of Raymond - Conflict Dates: The Battle of Raymond was fought May 12, 1863, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General James B. McPherson12,000 men Confederate Brigadier General John Gregg4,400 men Battle of Raymond - Background: In late 1862, Major General Ulysses S. Grant began efforts to capture the key Confederate bastion of Vicksburg, MS. Located high on the bluffs above the Mississippi, the city was key to controlling the river below. After several false starts, Grant elected to move south through Louisiana and cross the river south of Vicksburg. He was aided in this effort by Rear Admiral David D. Porters gunboats. On April 30, 1863, Grants Army of the Tennessee began crossing the Mississippi at Bruinsburg, MS. Sweeping aside Confederate defenders at Port Gibson, Grant moved inland. With Union forces to the south, the Confederate commander at Vicksburg, Lieutenant General John Pemberton, began organizing a defense outside of the city and calling for reinforcements from General Joseph E. Johnston. The bulk of these were directed to Jackson, MS though their transit to the city was hampered by damage inflicted to the railroads by Colonel Benjamin Griersons cavalry raid in April. With Grant advancing northeast, Pemberton expected the Union troops to directly drive on Vicksburg and began pulling back towards the city. Successfully keeping the enemy off balance, Grant instead set his sights on Jackson and cutting the Southern Railroad which connected the two cities. Using the Big Black River to cover his left flank, Grant advanced with Major General James B. McPhersons XVII Corps on the right with orders to proceed through Raymond to strike the railroad at Bolton. To McPhersons left, Major General John McClernands XIII Corps was to sever the Southern at Edwards while Major General William T. Shermans XV Corps was to attack between Edwards and Bolton at Midway (Map). Battle of Raymond - Gregg Arrives: In an effort to halt Grants advance towards Jackson, Pemberton directed that all reinforcements reaching the capital be sent twenty miles southwest to Raymond. Here he hoped to form a defensive line behind Fourteen Mile Creek. The first troops to arrive in Raymond were those of Brigadier General John Greggs over-strength brigade. Entering the town on May 11 with his tired men, Gregg found that local cavalry units had not properly posted guards on the area roads. Making camp, Gregg was unaware that McPhersons corps was approaching from the southwest. As the Confederates were resting, Grant ordered McPherson to push two divisions into Raymond by noon on May 12. To comply with this request, he directed Major General John Logans Third Division to lead the advance. Battle of Raymond - First Shots: Screened by Union cavalry, Logans men pushed towards Fourteen Mile Creek early on May 12. Learning from locals that a large Confederate force was ahead, Logan deployed the 20th Ohio into a long skirmish line and sent them towards the creek. Hampered by rough terrain and vegetation, the 20th Ohio moved slowly. Shortening the line, Logan pushed Brigadier General Elias Dennis Second Brigade forward into a field along the west bank of the creek. In Raymond, Gregg had recently received intelligence which implied that Grants main body was south of Edwards. As a result, when reports arrived of Union troops near the creek, he believed them to be part of a small raiding party. Marching his men from the town, Gregg concealed them on the hills overlooking the creek. Seeking to lure the Federals into a trap, he sent a small guard detachment to the bridge over the creek in the hope that the enemy would attack. Once the Union men were across the bridge, Gregg intended to overwhelm them. Around 10:00 AM, Union skirmishers pushed towards the bridge but halted in a nearby tree line rather than attacking. Then, to Greggs surprise, they brought forward artillery and began firing on the Confederates near the bridge. This development led Gregg to conclude he was facing a full brigade rather than a raiding force. Undeterred, he altered his plan and shifted his command to the left while preparing for a larger ambush. Once the enemy was across the creek, he intended to attack while also sending two regiments through the trees to strike the Union artillery. Battle of Raymond - Gregg Surprised: Across the creek, McPherson suspected a trap and directed the remainder of Logans division to move up. While one brigade was held in reserve, Brigadier General John E. Smiths brigade was quietly deployed on Dennis right. Ordering his troops to advance, Logans men moved slowly through the vegetation towards the deep banks of the creek. Due to a bend in the creek, the first across was the 23rd Indiana. Reaching the far bank, they came under heavy attack from Confederate forces. Hearing the enemy yell, Colonel Manning Force led his 20th Ohio to the 23rd Indianas aid. Coming under fire, the Ohioans used the creek bed for cover. From this position they engaged the 7th Texas and 3rd Tennessee. Hard pressed, Force requested the 20th Illinois to advance to his regiments aid (Map). Surging past the 20th Ohio, the Confederates pushed forward and soon encountered Logans main body which was in a nearby tree line. As the two sides exchanged fire, the Union troops at the creek began falling back to join their comrades. In an effort to better understand the situation, McPherson and Logan directed Union forces to withdraw a short distance back to a fence line. Establishing a new position, they were pursued by the two Confederate regiments who believed the enemy was fleeing. Encountering the new Union line, they began to take heavy losses. Their situation quickly worsened when the 31st Illinois, which had been posted on Logans right began attacking their flank. Battle of Raymond - Union Victory: On the Confederate left, the two regiments that Gregg had ordered to get into the enemys rear, the 50th Tennessee and consolidated 10th/30th Tennessee, pushed forward and scattered the Union cavalry screen. Seeing his cavalry retreating, Logan became concerned about his right flank. Racing around the field, he pulled two regiments from Brigadier General John Stevensons reserve brigade to plug holes in the line and dispatched two more, the 7th Missouri and 32nd Ohio, to cover the Union right. These troops were later joined by additional regiments from Brigadier General Marcellus Crockers division. As the 50th and 10th/30th Tennessees emerged from the trees and saw the Union troops, it quickly became clear to Gregg that he was not engaging an enemy brigade, but rather an entire division. As the 50th and 10th/30th Tennessees pulled back into the trees, the 3rd Tennessee began to crumble as the flanking fire from the 31st Illinois took its toll. As the Tennessee regiment disintegrated, the 7th Texas came under fire from the entire Union line. Attacked by the 8th Illinois, the Texans finally broke and fled back across the creek with Union forces in pursuit. Seeking new instructions, Colonel Randal McGavock of the 10th/30th Tennessee dispatched an aide to Gregg. Unable to find their commander, the aide returned and informed McGavock of the Confederate collapse to their right. Without informing the 50th Tennessee, McGavock advanced his men on an angle to attack the Union pursuers. Charging forward, they began to slow Logans advance until they were taken in the flank by the 31st Illinois. Sustaining heavy losses, including McGavock, the regiment began a fighting withdrawal to a nearby hill. Here they were joined by Greggs reserve, the 41st Tennessee, as well as remnants of other shattered regiments. Pausing to reform their men, McPherson and Logan began firing on the hill. This continued as the day passed. Frantically attempting to restore order to his command, Gregg saw McPhersons line moving to flank his position on the hill. Lacking the resources to contest this, he began retreating towards Jackson. Fighting a delaying action to cover the withdrawal, Greggs troops took growing losses from Union artillery before fully disengaging. Battle of Raymond - Aftermath: In the fighting at the Battle of Raymond, McPhersons corps sustained 68 killed, 341 wounded, and 37 missing while Gregg lost 100 killed, 305 wounded, and 415 captured. As Gregg and arriving Confederate reinforcements were concentrating at Jackson, Grant decided to mount a major effort against the city. Winning the Battle of Jackson on May 14, he captured the Mississippi capital and destroyed its rail connections to Vicksburg. Turning west to deal with Pemberton, Grant defeated the Confederate commander at Champion Hill (May 16) and Big Black River Bridge (May 17). Falling back to the Vicksburg defenses, Pemberton turned back two Union assaults but ultimately lost the city after a siege which ended on July 4. Selected Sources Civil War Trust: Battle of RaymondBattle of RaymondNational Park Service: Battle of Raymond

3 Types of Quotation Errors

3 Types of Quotation Errors 3 Types of Quotation Errors 3 Types of Quotation Errors By Mark Nichol In the following sentences, something about the treatment of a quotation interferes with comprehension. Discussion of the error, and a revision of the sentence, follows each example. 1. â€Å"We are seeing our efforts having some effect on their financial flows. And it’s difficult to get a handle on just how much because of the different illicit ways in which they are handling their finances, but you’ve seen the efforts that our military has taken to take out cash-storage sites, and I think it is our hope and expectation that that will have demonstrable effects. On what order of magnitude, I think it’s difficult to say,† said Lisa Monaco, President Barack Obama’s counterterrorism adviser. It is not until the end of this seventy-seven-word statement that we learn who said it. Attribution of a speaker or writer should occur much sooner, preferably at the end of the first of two or more sentences, or even interrupting two independent clauses within the first sentence: â€Å"We are seeing our efforts having some effect on their financial flows,† said Lisa Monaco, President Barack Obama’s counterterrorism adviser. â€Å"And it’s difficult . . . .† 2. At times, I would succumb to a, â€Å"I’m not sure they’re going to make it† mind-set. When a quotation that represents a categorical statement follows the article a/an or the, no punctuation should precede the quotation: â€Å"At times, I would succumb to a ‘I’m not sure they’re going to make it’ mind-set.† (The phrase can also be written without quotation marks but linked by hyphens: â€Å"At times, I would succumb to a I’m-not-sure-they’re-going-to-make-it mind-set.† However, because that extended phrasal adjective could conceivably be spoken, and it is cumbersome as a hyphenated phrase, the format treating it as a quotation is preferable.) 3. She rallied the crowd by crying â€Å"shame on you, John.† The verb that precedes this quotation should be followed by a comma, and the first word should be capitalized. Also, a cry is a loudly delivered statement, so an exclamation point is appropriate: â€Å"She rallied the crowd by crying, ‘Shame on you, John!’† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of LanguageWhat is Dative Case?35 Synonyms for Rain and Snow

4 page essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

4 page - Essay Example An example is given where the regulators never reacted to the extra ordinary increase in the financial institutions leverage. this never reacted to the movement of assets worth trillions of dollars from banks balance sheet. This shows how the regulators did not do their work. Increasing the regulators power without checking the problem and trying to regulate it helps in solving nothing. Barth, Caprio and Levine studied that the governance of financial regulation the system that is supposed to design, implement and reform financial policies contributed highly to the crisis faced in the United States. The senior most officials are blamed for repeatedly designing implementing and maintaining policies that destabilized the financial markets. The Financial Guardians maintained the same policies even after learning that these policies were increasing the instability of the financial system in the country. Also, even after the authorities had discovered about what was happening, the regulators did not adjust their policies even when they had the time and power this came to one conclusion that the regulators never worked ii the interest of the public but their own. The group indicated in their book that the failures of the respective governments in the governance of the financial regulations played a crucial role in crisis by being part of the destructive policies created and maintained by the regulatory agencies. The proposals laid out by the institutions have not addressed the weighty issues including their weaknesses with governing financial regulation. The public is also not involved in the process as there is no mechanism laid down through which people can obtain well laid informed assessment of the financial institution. Since the public are the ones affected by these policies, it is highly recommended they get involved with the process. It is hard

Korean War Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Korean War - Annotated Bibliography Example As a result, the Korean Peninsula was divided into half along the 38th parallel. The Russians occupied area north of the line, while the United States of America occupied the south. In this book, the tensions and the political environments leading up to the war are described in detail. Both the North and the South were under dictatorial rule. In the South, there was the anti-communist dictator Syngman Rhee, while in the North, there was the communist dictator Kim Il Sung. It is observed that neither of the dictators was content to remain on his side of the 38th parallel and border disputes were rampant as a result. The connection of this invasion of the South by the North and the rising conflict thereof and the ongoing cold war is given in this piece. The war is said to have come as a surprise to the U.S. who considered it malicious and more than a mere border dispute. To them, nonintervention in the dispute was never on the table as they regarded it as a deliberate offensive in a communist campaign to take over the world. The Gays give more in-depth analysis of the situation between the United States and Russia particularly, prior to this war and the inevitability of these two nations’ role in the dispute. The warring nations are differently backed by two quarreling nations and so, when one invades the other, there is bound to be suspicion of a wider play. The stands taken by America and the Soviet Union are discussed in greater details. In April 1950, a National Security Council report known as the NSC-68 recommends the US to use military force to counter communist expansion anywhere it was perceived to be occurring. As a result, then US President Harry Truman is quoted as saying that if they let Korea down, the Soviets will keep on going and swallowing up one place after another. Lee talks about the difficulties and the armies of the war. North Korean army is seen as

Perforation of Composite Sandwich Panels

Perforation of Composite Sandwich Panels CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction The use of sandwich structures has been increasing in recent years because of their lightweight and high stiffness. Commonly, the naval industry and transportation uses the E-glass fibers while the aerospace industry uses composite structures such as carbon fiber. The use of sandwich panels with composite facesheet in the naval industry is particularly appealing because they have better corrosion and environmental resistance and reduced magnetic signatures when compared to double-hull construction steel ships. On the other hand, composite sandwich panels are easily susceptible to damage by a strange object impact. The damage may be visible, penetration or perforation, or invisible, internal delamination and debonding. Both types of damages will result in stiffness and strength reduction. It is then important to study the impact behavior of composite sandwich panels. Failure in composite structures can be caused by low, high and extremely high or localized impact. An impact caused by a foreign body initiates two waves from impact point in a panel: a through-thickness wave and a transverse shear wave. Whether or not these waves play an important role in the impact response of the panel depends on the actual contact duration between the projectile and panel and the time it takes the transverse shear wave to reach the panel boundary. Figures 1.1 (a)-(c) show three-impact scenarios: low-velocity, high-velocity and ballistic impact. In low-velocity impact, the contact force duration is long compared to the time it takes the transverse shear wave travel to reach the plate boundary. Many waves reflect back and forth across the side dimension of the panel. In high-velocity impact, the contact force duration is much shorter than the transverse shear wave travel time through the panel. Usually high-velocity impact is the same with perforation and localized damage of the panel. Ballistic impact deals only with through-thickness wave propagation. During ballistic impact, there is complete perforation of the panel with little or no panel deformation. The contact force duration is approximately the wave travel time through the panel thickness. Ballistic impact usually involves the study of penetration mechanics. Low-velocity High-velocity Ballistic Impact The projectile to panel mass ratio will control whether wave propagation effect dominates the panel impact response and then suggested that a mass ratio be use as a parameter to determine impact response. It was shown that small mass impacts produce more damage than high-mass impacts having same kinetic energy. While small-mass impacts were defined by wave-controlled response, large mass impacts were defined by boundary-controlled response. Common examples of low-velocity impact are of bird strikes, collision with floating object, and dropped tools, may cause damage. Underwater blast or debris from a faraway explosion and air was considered as a high-velocity impact situation. Examples of ballistic impact would be a bullet or fragments from a nearby explosion hitting the panel. Another important factor governing the impact on composite structures is the ballistic limit. The ballistic limit is defined as the highest velocity of the projectile to cause perforation. When the residual velocity (exit) of the projectile is zero, then the initial velocity of the projectile that causes perforation is the ballistic limit of the sandwich panel. The ballistic limit may be calculate analytically or determined experimentally. In the experimental method, sandwich panels are shoot with projectiles over narrow range of velocities to either just cause penetration or to just perforate the panel. There exists a striking velocity at which 50% of the panels are completely perforate above this value and remaining 50% are partly penetrate below this value. This striking velocity is expresse as V50, which is the ballistic limit of the panel. In the analytical approach, the ballistic limit is determined by the conservation of energy principle. The approach is complex because it inc ludes a variety of factors like core thickness, facesheet thickness, shape of the projectile, core crushing stress, and so on. 1.2 Problem Statement This topic was an expansion of the Wan Awis research. He has done only an experimental work. For impact application, we need to predict skin and core material thickness. Since impact phenomena depend on numerous parameters such as material properties or projectile geometry, a numerical model, validated experimentally, is necessary to allow the study of the influence of several parameters without making costly experimental tests. This will definitely enhance the development of our military technology and achievements in the future because of the ability of this software to cut production cost and time consuming of the experimental work. The numerical figures have been compared to modal test results aiming mainly to validate the studies. Simulation based on finite element analysis (FEA) must not exceed  ± 15% error or this simulation could be claimed not acceptable. 1.3 Objective To simulate the damage of composite sandwich structures subjected to high-velocity impact using finite element analysis. To determine the energy absorption capability of the components on the behavior of the sandwich panel under impact load using ANSYS AUTODYN 13.0 To validate a numerical model with actual experiment. 1.4 Scope of Works To characterize a mechanical behavior of carbon fiber panel by using tensile and determine the fiber volume force and density. Design and validate the numerical model. Conduct a ballistic impact test simulation. Using the experiments data to calculate the energy absorption on the impact. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction A great deal of research has been conducted in the area of impact of composite structures. In this chapter, previous work done on the impact response of laminated composite plates and composite sandwich panels will be reviewed. 2.2 Impact of Composite Laminates A detail study of impact of composite laminates in the three impact regimes ballistic impact, low-velocity and high-velocity is presented in this section. 2.2.1 Low-velocity Impact Abrate, 1998 give a specific review on different analytical models of impact on composite laminates. He classified impact models into four groups: impact on infinite plate model, energy balance models, spring-mass models, and complete models. In the energy balance model, the initial kinetic energy of the projectile is used to calculate the deformation of the composite laminate. The velocity of the projectile reaches zero at the maximum deflection of the composite laminate. At this point, all of the kinetic energy of the projectile is converted to strain energy needed to deform the composite laminate. Energy balance model assumes that the structure behaves in quasi-static manner. The time history of force and deflection are obtained using the spring-mass model representing the composite laminate. The model shown in Figure 2.1 consists of nonlinear contact stiffness (K), one spring representing the linear stiffness of the structure (Kbs), another spring for the nonlinear membrane stiff ness (Km), effective mass of the structure (M2) as well as the mass of the projectile (M1). Equations of motion are written from a free body diagram. The infinite plate model is used when the deformation wavefront has not reached the boundary but if the wave reaches the plate boundary then this model is not an appropriate one to use. In the complete model, the dynamics of the structure and projectile are taken into explanation. Appropriate plate theory has to be selected and used. In many cases the classical plate theory can be used but when transverse shear deformations become significant, higher-order theories must be used. One of the earliest studies on the impact of composite laminates was by Goldsmith et al, 1995, who conducted high-velocity and quasi-static impact tests on carbon-fiber laminates by using a cylindro-conical projectile. Three different specimen of varying thickness were considered. Energy balance principle was used to predict the dynamic penetration energy, static penetration energy, and also the ballistic limit of the composite laminate. The fiber failure accounted for most of the energy absorbed. The predicted theoretical energy was in good agreement with measured energy for thin laminates but not for the thick laminates. This was approved to the fact that transverse shear deformation played an important responsibility in thick laminates subjected to low-velocity impact. The effect of transverse shear deformation was not dominant due to its quick occurrence in the high-velocity impact of laminates. Therefore, the predicted energy in the dynamic case was always close to but less than the measured energy for the thin and thick laminates. The predicted ballistic limit was less than measured values due to the nonlinear factors. Cantwell, 2007 studied the influence of target geometry in the low-velocity impact of composite laminate. The tests were performed on GFRP plates with hemispherical indenter on either circular or square supports. He used energy-balance model to predict the plate deflection and the delamination area of the laminated structure. His study stated that there is little or no influence of target geometry on the failure modes. It also suggested that delamination was dependent on interlaminar shear stress and increasing the plate diameter required more energy for damage initiation. Hou et al., 2000 predicted impact damage in composite laminates using LSDYNA 3D. The numerical results were compared to experimental results on low-velocity impact on composite laminate with an initial velocity of 7.08 m/s The Chang-Chang failure criteria was modified taking the shear stress into consideration and the model was implemented in DYNA 3D. 2.2.2 High-velocity Impact In 1988, Cantwell performed high-velocity impact tests of CFRP laminates with 6 mm diameter, 1g steel ball as the projectile. The influence of fiber stacking sequence and target geometry was study. The experiments reveal that varying the target geometry had no significance on initial damage caused. While the damage initiated in the distal facesheet in thin laminates, however, in thick laminates it initiated from incident facesheet. Zhao et al., 2007 investigated the failure modes in composite laminates subjected to high-velocity impact. Three different laminates were subject to impact by hemispherical projectile in the range of 10-300 m/s. An energy balance was considered and equations for residual velocity for the laminates were given in terms of the mass of the projectile and striking velocity. The thickness and stacking sequence were finding to play an important role in the energy absorption. Cheng et al., 2007 developed an analytical model based on the spring-mass model for high-velocity impact of a blunt ended and a sharp-ended projectile on thick composite laminates. They considered the effect of moving boundary due to the propagation of shear wave. The analysis was modeled using series of quasi-static events. At the end of each quasi-static step, the failed layers were remove based on punch shear damage and fiber damage criteria, and the wave front was moved outwards. While the first spring stiffness constant was measure based on the penetration depth of the projectile, the second spring stiffness constant was measured based on the bottom node of the plate. 2.2.3 Ballistic Impact Silva et al., 2005 performed numerical simulations of ballistic impact on thin Kevlar 29 composite laminates using a fragment-simulating projectile. The laminate material model was simulating using AUTODYN and the projectile was modeled using Johnson-Cook strength model. Finite element mesh for both laminate and projectile was generating using True Grid. Accurate predictions of ballistic limit (V50) and the failure modes were made. Ballistic limit is the minimum velocity of impact at which a given projectile just perforates a given target. On occasion, the term is also used to identify the maximum impact velocity at which the projectile can penetrate into the target with perforation. It is often defined statistically as the impact velocity for which the projectile has a 50% probability of perforating the target; it is then denoted by V50. Guild et al., 2007 conducted numerical simulations of ballistic impact on composite laminates and compared them with experimental results. The laminates were made of E-glass/vinyl ester resin with varying thickness and ball bearings of varying mass were use as projectiles. The damage modes included fiber failure, matrix failure, penetration, and delamination. Hashin failure criteria was use to determine the damage mode. Delamination was modeled using an interface between the two plies. As the force increased between two nodes above the specified value, the nodes were untied and the delamination increased. The ballistic limit from experiments was in good agreement with numerical results Naik et al., 2008 studied the ballistic impact behavior of thick composites. E-glass/epoxy laminates of varying thickness were subject to high-velocity impact. The effects of projectile diameter, projectile mass and laminate thickness on the ballistic limit were studied. Wave theory and an energy balance were use to predict the ballistic limit of the laminate. The contact duration of the projectile with the laminate was maximum when the initial velocity was equal to ballistic limit and decreased when the initial velocity increased beyond the ballistic limit. Deka et al., 2008 conducted ballisitic impact on E-glass/polypropylene composite laminates with cylinder-shaped projectiles. The experimental results were validating with numerical analysis using LS-DYNA. Although the laminate was modeling in Hypermesh, LS-DYNA was used to analyze failure mechanisms. The analytical model was base on energy conservation and failure in the numerical analysis was predicted based on Hashins failure criteria. 2.3 Impact of Composite Sandwich Panels In this section, a detail study of impact of composite sandwich panels in the three impact regimes low-velocity, high-velocity and ballistic impact is presented. 2.3.1 Low-velocity Impact Mines et al., 1998 investigated quasi-static loading and low-velocity impact behavior on two different composite sandwich panels. While the first panel was made up of E-glass/vinyl ester skin and Coremat ® core, the second panel was made of Eglass/epoxy skin and aluminium honeycomb core. The first panel with Coremat ® core had failed in the sequence of core shear, debonding, and distal facesheet damage and incident facesheet failure. The second panel failed by core shear, debonding, incident facesheet failure and then distal facesheet failure later. In the low-velocity impact tests, the failure pattern remained the same in both the panels as of the quasi-static tests. The core properties and impact velocity govern the energy absorption capability of the sandwich panel. Wen et al., 1998 investigated the penetration and perforation of composite laminates and sandwich panels under quasi-static, drop-weight and ballistic impact tests by flat-faced, hemispherical-ended and conical-nosed indenters/projectiles. They categorized the impact on laminates and sandwich panels into low-velocity impact and wave-dominated (high-velocity/ballistic impact) response. It was also stated in the research that sandwich panels subjected to low-velocity impact have similar load-displacement characteristics as of quasi-static loading case. The perforation energy required by flat faced projectile was more than hemispherical-ended and conical shaped projectiles in high-velocity impact. Schubel et al., 2005 investigated quasi-static and low-velocity impact behavior of sandwich panels with woven carbon/epoxy facesheets and PVC foam. The low-velocity impact model behaved similar to quasi-static loading case when loads and strain levels were same. The static indentation response was compared to the numerical results obtained using ABAQUS and were in good agreement. A membrane solution, assuming membrane in the core affected region and plate on elastic foundation in the rest of sandwich panel was in poor agreement with the numerical results. Hoo Fatt et al., 2001, developed static and dynamic models of sandwich panels subjected to low-velocity impact. They investigated the behavior of sandwich panels having carbon/epoxy skins and a Nomex honeycomb core with a hemispherical indenter under various support conditions such as simply supported, fully clamped, and rigidly supported. Spring-mass models were considered to determine the load-displacement curve. They also investigated the damage initiation of sandwich panels under low-velocity impact loading. The initial mode of damage depended upon the panel support conditions, projectile nose shape, geometry of the specimens, and material properties of the facesheet and core. Various failure patterns were studied and solutions based on them were derived separately. The analytical solution for the ballistic limit was also found and results for thick laminates were in better agreement than thin laminates. Suvorov et al., 2005 performed numerical analysis on sandwich panels with foam core and studied the effect of interlayer in between the top facesheet and foam core. The foam core was modeled as crushable foam in ABAQUS. While the polyurethane (PUR) interlayer reduced the deformations in both the core and the composite facesheets, the elastomeric foam (EF) interlayer offered a better protection for the foam core alone. Besant et al., 2001 performed numerical analysis on sandwich panels with aluminium honeycomb core. The metal honeycomb core was modeled as elastic perfectly plastic material. A quadratic yield criterion was proposed for the core material, which included both normal and transverse shear stresses. The importance of core plasticity in finite element analysis was explained. 2.3.2 High-velocity Impact A great deal of work has been done in the area of low-velocity impact of laminates and sandwich panels and high-velocity impact of laminates but limited work has been presented in the domain of high-velocity and ballistic impact of sandwich panels. The following describes some recent studies on the high-velocity impact of composite sandwich panels Velmurugan et al., 2006 studied the projectile impact on composite sandwich panels in the range of 30-100 m/s. The sandwich models in this study were not the typical sandwich panels in the conventional sense. They had a core height comparable to the facesheet thickness and acted as a bonding agent between the facesheets. Energy-balance model was used to determine the ballistic limit of three different sandwich panels. They assumed the sandwich panel as a single plate since the foam layer was thin and comparable to facesheet thickness. Also uniform failure mechanism along the through thickness direction was assumed in their model. Skvortsov et al., 2003 developed an analytical model using energy-balance principle to determine the ballistic limit of composite sandwich panels subjected to high velocity impact. Two different sandwich panels were subjected to high velocity impact using three different projectiles. These tests were conducted on simply supported and rigidly supported boundary conditions, and the initial velocity was varied in the range of 70-95 m/s. The predicted panel energy was close to the experimental values and the error was due to the strain-rate effects, plastic behavior, and hardening phenomena, which are not consider in the analysis. 2.3.3 Ballistic Impact Kepler et al., 2007 conducted ballistic impact on sandwich panels consisting of GFRP plates and Divinycell H80 core, with three different projectiles. Lumped spring mass model was use to calculate force histories and panel response. Concentric rings connected by shear springs represented the sandwich panel. In this model, core shear deformation was assumed as the single significant contributor to the sandwich panel stiffness. The facesheet orthotropic was neglected in the panel response. Four different force histories: constant force, triangular force, sine series, and combination of sine and triangular force were used to calculate the energy loss in the panel. Of these, triangular and combined force gave results in better agreement with experimental results. 2.4 Aluminium Honeycomb For design and construction of lightweight transportation systems such as satellites, aircraft, high-speed trains and fast ferries, structural weight saving is one of the major considerations. To meet this requirement, sandwich construction is frequently use instead of increasing material thickness. This type of construction consists of thin two facing layers separated by a core material. Potential materials for sandwich facings are aluminium alloys, high tensile steels, titanium, and composites depending on the specific mission requirement. Several types of core shapes and core material are been applied to the construction of sandwich structures. Among them, the honeycomb core that consists of very thin foils in the form of hexagonal cells perpendicular to the facings is the most popular. A sandwich construction provides excellent structural efficiency, i.e., with high ratio of strength to weight. Other advantages offered by sandwich construction are elimination of welding, superior insulating qualities and design versatility. Even if the concept of sandwich construction is not very new, it has primarily been adopt for non-strength part of structures in the last decade. This is because there are a variety of problem areas to be overcome when the sandwich construction is applied to design of dynamically loaded structures. Other investigators have previously carried out noteworthy theoretical and experimental studies on linear elastic and nonlinear behavior of aluminium sandwich panels. Kelsey et al., 1985 derived simple theoretical expressions of the shear modulus of honeycomb sandwich cores. Witherell, 1977 performed an extensive theoretical study for structural design of an air cushion vehicle hull structure using aluminium honeycomb sandwich panels. Okuto et al., 1991 showed the validity of the so-called equivalent plate thickness method in which a honeycomb sandwich panel subjected to inplane loads is approximately replaced by a single skin panel with equivalent plate thickness. Kobayashi et al., 1994, studied Elasto plastic bending behavior of sandwich panels. An experimental study was undertaken by Yeh et al., 1991 to investigate the buckling strength characteristics of aluminium honeycomb sandwich panels in axial compression. Kunimo et al., 1989 both, have studied the characteristics of the energy absorption capacity of bare honeycomb cores under lateral crushing loads theoretically and experimentally. 2.5 Ballistic Limit The ballistic limit may also be defined as the maximum velocity at which a particular projectile is expected to consistently fail to penetrate armor of given thickness and physical properties at a specified angle of obliquity. Because of the expense of firing tests and the impossibility of controlling striking velocity precisely, plus the existence of a zone of mixed results in which a projectile may completely penetrate or only partially penetrate under apparently identical conditions, statistical approaches are necessary, based upon limited firings. Certain approaches lead to approximation of the V50 Point, that is, the velocity at which complete penetration and incomplete penetration are equally likely to occur. Other methods attempt to approximate the V0 Point, that is, the maximum velocity at which no complete penetration will occur 2.6 Energy Absorption Mechanism of Composite Materials The research was done by Naik and Shrirao at 2004. Impact loads can be categorized into three categories which is low-velocity impact, high-velocity impact and hyper-velocity impact. This classification is made because of change in projectiles velocity will result in different mechanisms in terms of energy transfer between projectile and target, energy dissipation and damage propagation mechanism. Basically, ballistic impact is considered as low-mass high velocity impact. In this impact event, a low-mass projectile is launched by source into target at high velocity. It is unlike low-velocity impact that involved high-mass impactor impacting a target at low velocity. In view of the fact that ballistic impact is high velocity event, the effect is localized and near to impact location. According to Naik et al. (2006), seven possible energy absorbing mechanisms occur at the target during ballistic impact. Those mechanisms are cone formation at the back face of the target, deformation of secondary yarns, tension in primary yarns/fibres, delamination, matrix cracking, shear plugging and friction between the projectile and the target. Then, the researchers formulated all these energies into equation whereby the total energy absorbed by the target is summation of kinetic energy of moving cone EKE, shear plugging ESP, deformation of secondary yarns ED, tensile failure of primary yarns ETF, delamination EDL, matrix cracking EMC and friction energy EF. ETOTALi = EKEi + ESPi + EDi + ETFi + EDLi + EMCi + EFi Mines et al. (1999) identified three modes of energy absorption when analysed the ballistic perforation of composites with different shape of projectile. These energy absorptions are local perforation, delamination and friction between the missile and the target. However, the contribution of friction between the missile and the target in energy absorption is low compared to the other two. In terms of local perforation, three through-thickness regimes can be identified, namely: I shear failure, II tensile failure and III tensile failure and delamination. Out of these three regimes, the through-thickness perforation failure is dominated by shear failure. Similar observation has been made by other researcher for thick graphite epoxy laminates whereby the perforation failure is dominated by shear failure. The third main energy absorption mechanism is delamination. Delamination can propagate under Mode I (tensile) and Mode II (shear) loading and each mode can dominate each other depend ing on structural configuration of the composite as well as material properties. Therefore, it can be predicted that the total perforation energy is a summation of energy absorption due to local perforation, delamination and friction between the missile and the target. Epred = Ef + Esh + Edl where Ef = friction between the missile and the target; Esh = local perforation; Edl = delamination Apart from that, Morye et al. (2000) has studied energy absorption mechanism in thermoplastic fibre reinforced composites through experimental and analytical prediction. They considered three mechanisms that involved in absorbing energy by composite materials upon ballistic impact. The three energy absorption mechanisms are tensile failure of primary yarns, elastic deformation of secondary yarns and the third mechanism is kinetic energy of cone formed at back face of composite materials. They concluded that kinetic energy of the moving cone had a dominant effect as energy absorption mechanism for composite materials. However, they neglected a delamination as one of the factor contributed to the failure of composite materials during ballistic impact. 2.7 Kinetic Energy Equation Kinetic energy (KE) attack is a penetration of the residual energy of a projectile. A projectile can give a certain amount of energy to attack and damage a vehicle if the projectile sufficient residual energy when it arrive at the target. This residual is very important to overmatch the capability and strength of the target material to resist penetration, and then it will penetrate. Kinetic energy shot can be presented with the simple law of physic. K.E =  ½ Mprojectile Vprojectile2 Increasing the mass (Mprojectile) of the shot increases its energy, but the real payoff comes from increasing its velocity (Vprojectile). If the diameter of the shot fills the whole gun barrel, the projectile becomes heavier and difficult to accelerate to required velocity with the length of the barrel. Additionally, a large diameter solid shot will provide more energy to penetrate the armour plate compared to a projectile which has the same mass but a smaller diameter. Consequently, the larger shot is not only less effective at the target but it is difficult to give it the necessary velocity. According to Chang et al., 1990, depth of penetration at the target will depend not only on residual energy, but also on shape and size of the projectile. The curve shape at the projectile head is more important, as it must not only able to pierce the armour but the shoulders of the shot must also support the remainder so that it does not break up on its way through the armour. If for given mass the diameter of the shot is reduced and is length increased, then for the same residual energy the shot will penetrate further, as it is working on a smaller cross section area of armour. The ratio of length-to-diameter is called slenderness ratio. Any projectile with ratio in excess of 7:1 cannot be spin stabilized it is not until they reach a ratio approximately 20:1 that they can call long rod. So, based on those discussions above, we can conclude that energy absorption can be performed by this relation Eabsor = Ein Eout = [ ½ Mprojectile Vin2] [ ½ Mprojectile Vout2] =  ½ Mprojectile (Vin2 Vout2) So, Eabsorbed =  ½ Mprojectile (Vin2 Vout2) 2.8 Tsai-Hill Failure Criterion Hill, 1950 proposed a yield criterion for orthotropic materials: G+HÏÆ'12+F+HÏÆ'22+F+GÏÆ'32-2HÏÆ'1ÏÆ'2-2GÏÆ'1ÏÆ'3-2FÏÆ'2ÏÆ'3+2LÏ„232+2MÏ„132+2NÏ„122=1 This orthotropic yield criterion will be used as an orthotropic strength or failure criterion in the spirit of both criteria being limits of linear elastic behavior. Thus, Hills yield stresses F, G, H, L, M and N will be regarded as failure strengths. Hills criterion is an extension of von Mises yield criterion. The von Mises criterion, in turn, can be related to the amount of energy that is used to distort the isotropic body rather than to change its volume. However, distortion cannot be separated from dilatation in orthotropic materials, so Equation 2.8 is not related to distortional energy. Unfortunately, some authors still mistakenly call the criterion of Tsai-Hill a distortional energy failure criterion. The failure strength parameters F, G, H, L, M and N were related to the usual failure strength X, Y, and S for a lamina by Tsai. If only Ï„12 acts on the body, then, because its maximum value is S, 2N=1S2 Similarly, if only ÏÆ'1 acts on the body, then G+H=1X2 And if only ÏÆ'2 acts, then F+H=1Y2 If the strength in the 3-direction is denoted by Z and only ÏÆ'3 acts, then F+G=1Z2 Then, upon combination of Equations (2.10), (2.11) and (2.12), the following relations between F, G, H and X, Y, Z result: 2F=1Y2+1Z2-1X2 2G=1X2+1Z2-1Y2 2H=1X2+1Y2-1Z2 For plane stress in the 1-2 plane of a unidirectional lamina with fibers in the 1-direction, ÏÆ'3 = Ï„13 = Ï„23 = 0. However, from the cross sectional of such a lamina in Figure 2.3, Y = Z from the obvious geometrical symmetry of the material construction. Thus, Equation (2.8) leads to ÏÆ'12X2-ÏÆ'1ÏÆ'2X2+ÏÆ'22Y2+Ï„122S2=1 as the governing

Porters Force Analysis On Leisure Cruise Industry

The universe economic system has been engulfed by strong international competition. Porter has argued that scheme equates how any steadfast competes against others in its concern. He argued that scheme is non merely a series of theoretical accounts at the corporate degree of scheme. The scheme includes analysing possible entrants, providers, purchasers, replacements and rivals. He describes the competitory forces determining an industry in his six forces theoretical account of industrial competition. By analysing the forces, one assesses the forces driving competition in an industry and evaluates the odds of a house successfully come ining and viing in an industry. The forces are includes: possible entrants with their menace of entry, providers with their bargaining power, purchasers with their bargaining power, industry rivals with their competition among existing houses, and replacements with their menace of utility service or merchandise and. Government engagement is another force that affects any industry[ I ]. The full leisure industry is composed of bomber industries including gambling, sail, lodging, athleticss installations, travel and touristry and vocational ownership. Cruise is one of the fastest turning sectors in the leisure industry which ensures that people basking their holidaies get conveyance installations. Under this sector, the companies which largely operate are transporting companies which transport people in leisure from one topographic point to another. The companies include AIDA Cruises, Celebrity Cruise, Cunard line, Disney Cruise Line, Holland American Line, Ocean Village, Princes Cruises, Royal Caribbea International and Seabourn Curise Line. All these named operate in Florida under the umbrella organic structure Florida-Carebbean Cruise Association ( Maya, 2010 )[ two ]. This is an industry of merriment characterized monolithic investings. Taking Ocean Village as an illustration of companies stand foring the full industry, this research paper will analyse the six po rter forces that affect the industry[ three ]. Buyers and dickering power In the industry, purchasers are traveler traveling for vocational Tourss, leisure activities and all that pertains to fun. Buyer power is the capableness of purchasers, their agents, and clients of the industry to act upon the monetary value charged and footings of purchase. If purchasers ‘ power is high, so the net income borders of the houses runing in the industry tends to be low. If the purchasers are organized and are few, so their power is high. The industry whose purchaser power is high tends to be unattractive to new investors since the realized net incomes are usually low ( Peng, 2009, p. 42 ) . In this sail sector of the leisure industry, purchasers are few and be given to be organized. Therefore, Ocean Village Company feels the force per unit area of good organized purchasers who have high-bargaining powers. The industry represents purchasers from higher economic and societal category who can form and inquire for their rights in the industry. They are willing to pass their money for leisure services therefore do non see much impact on pricing every bit long as they get choice services. Ocean Village Company has tried to include some other services to do any ocean trip successful and pull more clients. These include the wellness installations provided within the company and adjustment characteristics offered to travellers. Potential entrants and entry barriers When a company and industry in general, is doing net incomes, other investors think of embarking into that industry so that they enjoy the net incomes realized. This creates a inquiry of how the incumbent houses within the industry attempt to make barriers for new entrants. The executives of the industry attempt to make barriers even if it means passing some money on the same undertaking[ four ]. If the current houses in the industry can maintain possible entrants at bay, the full topic of competition and its impacts on the incumbent houses ‘ net incomes become moot. The menace of new houses to come in an industry is low if the incumbent houses have high powers to act upon monetary values, control resources and determine the nature of competition within the industry. In Florida, the industry has organized its houses and formed an association to cover with such affairs. The association, Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association, protect the houses from any external entrants every bit much as possible. It has partnered with the authorities to put high criterions for any house that wish to come in into the industry. This makes possible investors be scared off from come ining such a market hence the industry can be classified as basking the powers to protect its current signifiers from the possible entrants. Suppliers and their bargaining power Supplier power is the capableness of sellers to make up one's mind the monetary values and footings of supply. Suppliers include sellers of labour, natural stuffs, and capital goods. If their power is high, so the net income borders of the incumbent houses tend to be low. Such low net income borders make an industry unattractive to possible entrants. The being of many providers indicates low provider power, and frailty versa. Firms in the industry rely on many supplier classs to carry through its services. The major providers of the industry are those that supply fuel to houses in the industry. Shell Company[ V ]is the chief provider of fuel in the industry but there are other possible companies which can provide. Ocean Village Company has entered into understanding its providers on footings of sale which are non altered till the understanding period expires. Substitute merchandises and services The handiness of replacements for an industry ‘s merchandises and services alters the power of the incumbent houses. As the handiness of replacement merchandises and services rises and the easy of replacement additions, the power of incumbent houses to command monetary values and footings of concern diminutions. In the instance of this industry, the replacement might be air hose conveyance, rail and route. However, they do non supply the intended services the purchaser wants when taking. Cruise industry provides diversion installations, good environment in H2O and others that a individual on leisure activities needs. This makes the industry enjoy limited replacement merchandises and services. The power of the houses runing in the industry is hence high. Rivals and competition Competitive competition is the extent to which houses respond to competitory moves of other houses in the same industry. In some industries like sail industry, â€Å" gentleman ‘s understanding † exists whereby houses respect one another ‘s market niches and follow a â€Å" unrecorded and allow unrecorded † scheme ( Ireland et al, 2008, p. 82 ) . The industry has formed an association which deals with such issues as competition and unwanted behaviours within the industry. This reduces competition and competition within the industry doing the companies operated in a friendly mode. They are associated to supply better and quality clients to leisure clients and there is no demand to vie in the disbursal of the industry and consumers. In other sectors within the larger leisure industry, a â€Å" dog eat Canis familiaris †[ six ]thought prevails, cutthroat competition is the regulation and competitory moves are smartly encountered. This happens in hotel bo mber industry since many houses exist here. Government engagement This is another force, although non normally talked as, which influences any industry. It is a demand for the houses in any industry to follow with all authorities ordinances including enrollment, paying revenue enhancements and be responsible to the environment. Government engagement determines the profitableness of an industry. Sometimes, the authorities comes in to protect its consumers from development by houses in any industry[ seven ]. They can make up one's mind to command monetary values and quality of services offered. The sum of revenue enhancement charged besides reduces the company operating in that industry ‘s net incomes. It can be realized that in Florida, the authorities ensures that the safety of crewmans is maximal and the quality of services offered is optimum. Since the house operates in H2O, it is supposed to keep high criterions to protect the environment, H2O in this instance. Harmonizing to Kassing ( 2006 )[ eight ], Government provides substructure for all commercial diversion and touristry endeavors. However, the authorities engagement in this industry is minimum. This is because the industry does non offer basic trade goods which would do the authorities intervene to command monetary values. The company enjoys authorities protection from sea challengers. The demands the authorities has put in footings of new entrants are excessively affecting doing the industry one of those that are difficult to come in into by new companies. Decision The forces determine profitableness of any industry as they influence the costs, monetary values, and needed investing of houses in that peculiar industry. Buyers power influence the monetary values Ocean Village Company and any other company can bear down. It besides has an influence on investing cost since sceptered purchasers asks for expensive services. Supplier ‘s bargaining powers influences input costs like fuel. The competition influences monetary values and viing costs. On the other manus, entry menace bounds monetary value charged and makes incumbent houses invest to avoid it ( porter, 1985, p. 7 ) . The Florida based companies runing in the sail industry formed an association, Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association, which has changed the industry construction. They agree on how to carry on concerns, how to make entry barriers and common characteristics to follow so as to fulfill their clients in Leisure-Cruise industry. It is a strong association of houses that have ma de the industry one of the popular in Florida and profitable.