Managing Customer Service Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Customer Service - Essay Example Both gaining customer commitment and stimulating employees can produce an outstanding service for the corporation and to ensure that the results first satisfy the client, and then lead to successful target achievements. Service strategies vary from company to company, however, they are some general rules that need to be observed. Each service strategy aims to improve its customer care and to meet the needs of its customers in the most professional manner. Strategic approaches aim to continuously enhance the understanding about the customer service and how to implement it into the routine work with clients. In order for a company to succeed it should have easy to grasp strategy endevours, which are understood by the personnel. This constitutes a great level of the customer service, since they provide diverse pieces of advice and support for its clientele. Cook (2008) also elaborates on modern online technology and explains how those changes affected the overall customer service and employees. Customer engagement is best explained by Cook (2008) illustrating few example from eBay, Tesco and John Lewis. There is a universal structure and service units regardless of where they are positioned in the mar ket chain and as geographical location. Among the other useful tips that Cook (2008) provides her readers is to listen to customers. Listening to customers is one of the most vital principles of service management. Attention should be paid to the customer's demands and requirements. Company representatives should carefully direct customers in order to understand and meet their needs. When customer is speaking, the employees should carefully pay attention and if necessary take notes, especially if the conversation is conducted over the phone. While listening to the customer, the employee should quickly take action on those issues that are easily solved and fixed. Another topic that Cook (2008) reviews is the implementation of customer care strategy. Since customers are becoming growingly sophisticated and inventive in their demands, this requires the implementation of well organized customer care strategy. Every business is dependent on the clients, thus to provide a high level of responsiveness to their desires is the prime aim of every organization. Developing and implementing extensive approaches to customer relation management has increasingly become the cornerstone of service management. There are also training and development programs for customer service which aim to make the servicing more interactive (Cook, 2008). There are integration approaches into these training customer service programs which debate real situations and life experiences and enable the employees to frame their impressions about the ever-changing customers' demands. Recognition and rewards are other inseparable part of excellent customer care (Cook, 2008). The comp any has to recognize the customer as valuable and to indicate that he is important, because he choose particularly us to provide him with the service. To connect reward with customer loyalty we have to show that we try our best to keep the customer. To achieve this we reward him in many different ways - from offering him discounts, to bonuses for returning to us again. Mudie and Cottam (1999) look closely at the relationship between marketing and public sector issues. Besides pointing out to these key areas, they also provide exhaustive examples and case studies

Ethics and governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Ethics and governance - Essay Example This left Texas City quite vulnerable to a catastrophe. The decision by the key actors in this BP’s case was founded on the need to ensure that the issue of non-compliance to public safety and health issues by oil companies was addressed. According to Campbell and Tom (2005, p. 551); Davies (2006, p. 106-120) corporations which do not subscribe to the appropriate business ethics do so because they have egoistic inclinations. It is imperative to note that failure to uphold ethics also amounts to lack of effective governance within the affected corporations. Ethics and governance issues in corporations lay the foundation upon which virtues within firms are laid. The action by the Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) to investigate BP was to audit its safety standards. Hence, this decision was based on the oil fire incident at BP which killed fifteen of its workers and injured a hundred and seventy others. However, the company had ignored this issue for a long time. The report notes that this company was plagued by years of cost cutting which in turn increased its vulnerability to this catastrophe in its refinery in Texas. According to Mortishead, (2005, p. 8); Davies (2006, pp 106-120) the decisions of BP through its management and workers of the company were based on the need to improve its image in the oil industry. From the BP’s case, there are a range of possible consequences based on the report findings. These consequences were changes triggered by the findings in the report. One such consequence is the improvement in the compliance to safety standards by BP and other companies as well. According to Stocker (2005, p. 453-66), in so doing, these oil firms would have to embrace the canons of ethics and governance. In this regard, they shall have to implement fundamental organisational changes to ensure they are virtuous. The other actual consequence is the loss of market leadership position by BP to

Conveyor Bases Sorting System Colour Sensor Signal

Conveyor Bases Sorting System Colour Sensor Signal CONVEYOR BASED SORTING SYSTEMÂ  COLOUR SENSOR SIGNAL CONDITIONING Abstract: This report analyses the best strategy for interfacing the colour sensor with the microprocessor by using either Comparators or Analogue to Digital Convertors (ADC) in the process. Focusing mainly on the advantages and disadvantages of these two components, we can conclude which one is more effective and responsive with cost, time taken to process the programme and reliability. Using C programming a microprocessor is programmed in order to detect the colour of the objects passed on the conveyor belt using LDR. Analogue to Digital Convertor (ADC): It is a system that converts the input analogue signals (from a light source or sound signal) to digital output signal by a process called quantization, which is also called as digital signal processing that is the process of mapping a large set of input values to a countable smaller set. Generally, the digital output signal is in binary number that is proportional to the input values. Component parts of ADC: There are seven different components within the ADC that make up the whole processing circuit which includes, Set-Reset latch has 2 inputs and outputs which used as storage element in ADC Clock a constant input signal that fluctuates between high and low and is used coordinate the actions of the circuit. AND gate a basic logic gate which has only high inputs (1) to start the conversion when prompted. Counter an electronic device which stores the number of times something occurred and used directly with the clock signal. DAC to convert the digital signals to analogue output signals when commanded (reverse function of an ADC) DATA latch takes the output of counter as its input and convert the analogue signals into digital outputs. Comparator that compares two voltages or currents and changes its output depending on which is larger. Advantages of ADC: Some benefits of using the ADC in this colour sensor interfacing system with the microprocessor are listed below, Cheap in cost and speed varies to different ADC for example flash ADC is the fastest of all its kind. ADC has higher resolution than using a comparator. Less steps and components when it comes to programming in a microprocessor Clock in ADC keeps the circuit in time and provides a square wave input. Set-reset function allows the circuit to be functioned and keeps it in control. It converts any input voltages, even from 1V to 5V into a digital output (flashing LED from less bright to very bright display) through its built in components whereas in a comparator it is either 0 from 0V to 2V and 1 from 2.5V to 5V. Disadvantages of ADC: Also the drawbacks of using the ADC are, Slow in speed compared to a comparator device as ADC has more component parts than comparator. Each and every parts have to be earthed appropriately. Have to have many inputs into the encoder (for 4 bit outputs 16 input signals and for 5 bit its double the inputs). ADC has several sources of errors like quantization error. These are measured in least significant bit (LSB) Comparator: Comparator is an electronic device that compares the input two voltages or currents and outputs the higher or larger (1) digital signal. It consists of a specialized high -gain differential amplifier which are commonly used in devices that measure and digitize analogue signals, such as Analogue to Digital Convertors (ADC). Comparators are also being installed within analogue to digital convertors (ADC). Advantages of comparator: Using the comparators in the microprocessors in the circuit can have some positive impact on the project. Some of them are, Cheaper in cost when comparing to other devices of amplifying. Comparators does not require an external power source such as additional current or voltage supply since the power comes from the processor. These are in ordinary working condition and very compact and robust model and are very easy to handle. Can be portable as well. Electrical comparators have very less moving parts and the pointer is very light and not sensitive to the vibrations. Disadvantages of comparator: Some of the disadvantages of using the comparators are, Heating of coils in the measuring unit may cause zero drift and can alter the calibration. If only a fixed scale is used with a moving pointer then with high magnifications a very small range is obtained, in this case itll be from 0V to 2V its low (0) and from 2V to 5V its high (1). Conclusion: Using an Analogue to Digital Convertor would be the possible solution in this colour sensor operating system as there are more benefits from ADC than Comparator. Since ADC has higher resolution and uses two registers to record the values from their 10 bits of inputs, it is more reliable and accurate with a few quantization and bubble errors. Comparator is one of the parts in ADC and it can only be used to differentiate two or less objects as it has a maximum of two outputs but ADC has plenty. Therefore, with ADC we can identify the three different coloured objects through this colour sensor.

Standardization in the 1920s Essay -- Mass Culture

The 1920s became known as an era memorable for being a time when new products, new ways of marketing and advertising, and standardization gave the country new ways to interact, enjoy themselves, and introduce them to new products. Although very common today, standardization of mass culture like magazines, radio, movies, music, and sports were exciting new innovations to the people of this time. Not only did they distract from the monotony and stresses of work but they created celebrities that people aspired to be like. Similar to businesses standardizing in making and advertising consumers goods, the practice of mass-producing culture standardized and sped up in the 1920s. Radio became a national obsession. What started out as only a few independent stations soon evolved into huge networks and sponsored programming became popular. Movies during this time became accepted by all social classes with the expansion from rowdy nickelodeons to uptown theaters. With audiences nearing 80 million people a week, the corporate giants Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Warner Brothers, and Columbia made the ...

Diversity Among Society Essay

The United States is made up of millions of people that come from different backgrounds, religions and cultures. These differences are what make America the type of place it is today, because without these differences we would be just like every other country in the world. One of the biggest resources that we would have to help find information on Diversity would be the internet and this is mainly because we can find out almost anything that we would need on a certain race or culture. An article from US Life-U. S Department of State had a quote from former U. S.  Secretary of State Colin Powell that states, â€Å"America is a nation of nations, made up of people from every land, of every race and practicing every faith. Our diversity is not a source of weakness; it is a source of strength, it is a source of our success. † That quote alone can explain the true meaning behind the diversity in America and why we are the way we are. Through all the information that I acquired during this course, I have come to a better understanding of my racial and ethnical background. I have learned that according to the American Community Survey conducted by the U.  S. Census Bureau there are roughly over 36 million Americans that claimed there American heritage and that great political figures such as John F. Kennedy had an Irish background. I have also learned that it was never easy for Irish settlers years ago, because in the late 1800’s through the early 1900’s Irish immigrants were considered poor trash and were treated as such. It took many years for the Irish to establish a good name in America and over time people would stop hiding their Irish heritage and proudly display out in the open the love of their background. It is very hard to tell what the U. S. will look like in the year 2050, because we are constantly changing and we will continue to do this throughout our time. One thing that I can say is that we will have more humans then we know what to do with, because modern medicine is figuring out new ways to help people live longer and stay healthier. As for the demographics in the U. S. go, I would have to say that all raciest will be about equal in population and the white race will no longer be the dominant race. There will be more diversity in olitics and in the media, because as of right now we have a black president and that is just the beginning of what the future will be like. It’s hard to say if there will ever be any big race wars in America, because in today’s modern world everything seems ok, but no one is ever really sure what lies beneath the surface of individual groups. There could be a great race war that might happen in the future, or everybody will finally start to accept each other and we could live a beautiful existence. The challenge that the United States faces with diversity is that everyone is diverse and the want to be proud and show there true diversity. The main problem with that is that some other cultures don’t agree with them and they might want them to change their ways, or leave. This has always been a big challenge for the United States, because as time goes on we should be comfortable with diversity and accepting it along with ours, but there always will be certain people out there that will never change and they will make sure that they are heard within any means necessary. On the other side there are many great benefits that Untied States could benefit from with being such a diverse place. The fact that there are so many different views and opinions in America of the world around them, they could never truly run out of ideas. So many cultures offer such good things to America and they will continue to keeping adding on to that list. In today’s modern society certain individuals still feel the need for racial security and what that means is that someone might still feel more comfortable around their own kind. For example; a white family starts to pack up out of their home and move away from a changing neighborhood. The family finds a place that is more suitable towards their own security which is an all white suburb. The enroll their kids in an all white school and feel that nothing bad will happen to them. Little do they know is that their son’s new friend from school is a thief and deals drugs throughout the school. As time moves on the family starts to see a change in their child’s behavior, as if he was on some sort of drug, they ignore it, because they are amongst white people are they think that things like that couldn’t happen. Fast forward a little more and the child is grown up and in jail for armed robbery. The parents are clueless and confuse, because they never thought that it would happen in an all white neighborhood. Now the point to that story is that in order to foster a climate for acceptance we need to understand that not every other race is bad or will corrupt their race; in fact if each race got together and helped one another out with this kind of problem they could share their experiences and find a proper solution for the problem. The issue with racial profiling in the media is that the reader does not understand what is going on and assumes that a certain situation is a result of that entire race. A perfect example would be the 9/11 tragedy, because after that the media and the people reading the media pretty much made it seem that the situation was a result of all Muslims, when in fact it was only a handful of people that had hateful opinions towards America. The media may not be all bad and include nothing but racial profiling; in fact the media can also showcase the coming together of different races. The media recognized that we would have a black president and that many different races had voted for him, because they felt that he could do the job right regardless of color or background. If everyone in America could understand the power that we have and this is not because we have missiles or a great army, instead it is because we have so many different cultures that bring many different things to our Nation. We would have the power of America’s spirit on our side and it would be hard to break the spirit and will power of that many different people. I am also one that sadly shown my negativity towards another race at one time and it might of not been violent, because it was only in my head, but it goes to show that almost everyone in some way and another will or have experienced that and the best way to overcome that barrio is to understand, research and understand another cultures meaning to behind what they do and then an alliance with each other could happen and we could one day become brothers and sisters of the world again.

The Kiss of Death

It began with the porch steps. Or maybe it began with the laziness of the man living in the house to which these steps led. Either way both are very important for this story. The Higgs couple lived in a small house in a quiet neighbourhood by the road. It may have seemed at first sight that Mr. And Mrs. Higgs got on well as a couple. However the truth was very different. Mr. Higgs was a jealous man. Mrs. Higgs was a hospital nurse and often had to work over night. This meant the two of them never got to see much of each other. Mrs. Higgs came home in the morning at about the time when Mr. Higgs left for work. It was the same in the evenings, Mrs Higgs leaving the house for work only to meet her husband coming in. Not knowing for sure where his wife was over night Mr. Higgs often got very suspicious of his wife having an affair. It was a Tuesday morning Mr. Higgs, alone in the house, looking out the window at the snowed-in drive, thinking what his wife might be doing right now. Paranoid thoughts were once again chasing through his head. But a plan was already taking shape in his mind. He would come home from work earlier than usual today and see whether his wife had someone in the house. If yes he certainly wouldn't hesitate to punish her. Pondering on a suitable punishment he turned to other things that needed to be done that morning. Apart from the usual, he had to clear the porch, the steps leading up to the porch and the walkway of snow. This was a chore Mr. Higgs despised. He hated having to trudge up and down in the snow, wielding his shovel while more and more fresh snow fell. Mr. Higgs hated winter and anything that went with it. He decided not to shovel the snow that morning. Mr. Higgs left the house at about quarter to eight. He locked the door and carefully walked across the porch and down the three steps. They did seem to be a little slippery and Mr. Higgs once again considered clearing them of that wretched snow. No, it could wait besides he would be late for work. He walked over to the gate, got in his car and drove off to work. Mrs. Higgs came home at half past eight. She took a shower, made herself some breakfast and then sat down into an armchair with a book. She wasn't expecting anyone. She knew about Mr. Higgs's suspicions but they were all false. She wouldn't be surprised if he came marching in at that very moment demanding where she hid her secret lover and then went on a rampage around the house searching closets, and wardrobes. She smiled to herself at the thought of that happening. Her smile didn't last long. At that moment a loud thump came from outside. Henry the postman opened the Higgs's gate. The Higgs couple didn't have a mailbox hanging on the gate. Instead they chose to place directly on the main door. Probably so they wouldn't have to walk that far when retrieving their mail. Lazy. He went through the gate and strode across the garden toward the Higgss' door. â€Å"Couldn't even take care of the snow, people these days†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This was probably one of Henry's last thoughts because as he was about to take the third step up the small stairs leading to the porch his foot slipped and Henry the postman fell to the ground, hitting his head on the porch steps with a loud thump. Mrs. Higgs sat there, waiting for her husband to come bursting through the door. When the door remained closed she walked forward and threw it open only to find not her husband but the local postman sprawled on the porch steps. Luckily for Henry Mrs. Higgs was a nurse and knew exactly what to do in such a situation. She crouched down next to him and reached out looking for a pulse. There it was, slow but steady. Henry the postman was still alive. His breathing seemed to be weak and irregular. She would have to resuscitate It was about at this moment that Mr. Higgs's car came to a halt in front of the house. Unfortunately Mrs. Higgs didn't notice instead she leaned over Henry's body, her lips touched his and as she exhaled air was pushed into his lungs. By this time Mr. Higgs had gotten out of his car and all his attention was on his wife kissing the local postman that was laying there on the porch. Mr. Higgs opened the gate, stepped through and closed it forcefully behind him. The clash of the gate made Mrs. Higgs look up. She immediately realized what she is doing must look like. She stood up and took a few steps down the stairs and into the garden toward her husband. Behind her Henry was waking, lifting his head, dazed. â€Å"I know what this must look like Paul, but it's nothing like that† Mrs. Higgs stuttered. â€Å"He slipped and fell. I was giving him the kiss of life.† Mr. Higgs stood there staring into her eyes â€Å"It might have been the kiss of life for him but it's the kiss of death for you.† It was the way he said it, a slow deliberate growl that made Mrs. Higgs react the way she did. Turning back toward the house she ran. Mr. Higgs didn't say anything to warn or stop her. He knew she wouldn't get far. Mrs. Higgs running back to the house forgot all about how slippery the porch steps were. She was almost on the third step when her foot shot from under her. Mr. Higgs watched as if in slow motion as Mrs Higgs turned in the air and fell, hitting her head on the bottom stair. There was a sickening crunch and then silence. It ended as it began, with the porch steps.

Kant on Free Will Essays

Kant on Free Will Essays Kant on Free Will Essay Kant on Free Will Essay Essay Topic: Immanuel Kant Introduction and Overview: A common ailment against Enlightenment doctrine is that in topographic points excessively much religion in the powers of human ground. The Romantic motion. arising in Germany. jump up as a protest against the Enlightenment. centered in Paris and France. It stressed the significance of human emotion and spontaneousness against the cold logic and formalism of the Gallicphilosophes. Though German. Kant tends to be bracketed with the Enlightenment. Partly responsible is a celebrated essay he wrote in 1784 sketching the ideals of the motion ( Schmidt 58 ) . The nucleus purpose of his doctrine is to supply a review of ground. and he is seen to hold restored the primacy of ground in Western civilization after the incredulity ushered in by philosophers of empiricist philosophy. personified by David Hume. Kant is therefore castigated from many quarters for over-emphasizing ground. After supplying a review of ground. he goes on to place morality with the exercising of ground. The will. as usually understood. is non truly free. but carries with it the potency of freedom if it follows the moral jurisprudence. In making so the single Acts of the Apostless with liberty. and so they are the natural law-givers’ in a kingdom of ends’ . The last is a postulated topographic point where all terminals are cosmopolitan. and therefore are terminals in themselves. This essay argues that such a topographic point is non realizable by deliberate agencies. and so it was non Kant’s suggestion that it be so in the first topographic point. Kant is non truly enforcing the criterion of infallible reason . but instead his concerns are with metaphysics. His overruling purpose is to set up a solid foundation for metaphysics. Essay organic structure: Coming to analyse free will. Kant finds that it is heteronomous . which implies that it is motivated by contingent terminals ( Kant. Morals. 39 ) . When we exercise free will we are motivated by the promise of touchable addition. At the grossest degree it is material addition that we aim for. Such addition has more inoffensive representations. e. g. felicity. public-service corporation. convenience. and so on. But nevertheless euphemistically we may word such motive. we may neer depict it as universal. It is ever contingent. and when the eventuality expires the addition is lost. We may be motivated to work difficult towards a college instruction when our end is a respectable standing in society. Equally long as we are pupils the motive is meaningful. But after we a settled in a white collar occupation the motive disappears. replaced by others even more forceful. in which mere reputability is non plenty. but we want to be farther admired among the respectable’ . However extremely we may eulogise reputability. decease brings an terminal to whole game. and we can non take our reputability with us to the grave. Some contend that the great among work forces live on in memory. But memory excessively fades. and limbo is the inevitable terminal consequence. The point that Kant makes is that such a will is non truly free. It is dictated by eventualities. those in bend by others. in and eternal concatenation of cause and consequence. If it is caused so it can non be willed . for the will that is genuinely free is beyond all eventualities. The parallel analysis is when Kant considers cause and consequence among inanimate objects. No metaphysics can explicate why an consequence follows a cause. in the manner we experience the reasonable universe ( Kant. Critique. 55 ) . Alternatively. Kant proposes the being of a man-madea priorimodule of the head which provides cause and effect as a construct that allows us to do sense of experience. But this is merely to ease human understanding in contingent world. It can non take for absolute truths beyond eventualities. If it does so it will meet paradox. Ultimate truths are the preserve of pure reason . It is surpassing to practical ground. and all the paradoxes of contingent world are resolved by it. Pure ground is beyond the appreciation of human apprehension. yet it subsumes it in the terminal. We must retrieve that Kant’s doctrine is a response to Hume’s incredulity. where ground is shown to be invalid in ultimate concerns. Kant showed that it is merely practical ground that is invalid is such contexts. Reason is restored as the primary facet of the human. in the signifier of pure ground. In the consideration of free will the same analysis applies. Merely as causing expresses eventuality. so does the will. This is the heteronomous will. and it necessarily leads to false beliefs and struggle. This is because it is non truly free. but contingent. But we can non be headlong and conclude that freedom does non be. though. In this respect Kant asks us to see things in themselves. Not from the point of position of the materialists. who aim to understand the nature of things in themselves. Such cognition is impossible. and in this respect Kant is in concurrency with the empirical sceptics. But we can state. however. that things in themselves are free. because they are above all eventualities. In the same manner consciousness. which is the kernel of ourselves. Tells us that we are free. that freedom does be. If so it must be nonnatural freedom. correspondent to the nonnatural pure ground. When exerting such freedom we are said to be utilizing our autonomous will. If so we do possess such liberty so the constructs of self legislation and the kingdom of ends are natural effects. By exerting liberty we are moving in conformity to the moral jurisprudence. When human existences act harmonizing to the moral jurisprudence they are moving towards the cosmopolitan good. All other motives are for the contingent good entirely. The moral jurisprudence rises above all eventualities. the ground that it is moral. So we can set it somewhat otherwise. By moving with liberty we are distributing the natural Torahs. i. e. we are natural law-givers. There is even another position to the above. We proceed to analyze the brand up of our motives when we are moving with liberty. Such motives have no eventualities attached to them. The deduction is that we act from responsibility. When we describe something as responsibility. we can non supply grounds along with it. Duty is an terminal in itself. So. where the moral jurisprudence is established. all things are done from responsibility. In other words. all terminals are ends in themselves. This is why it is described as the kingdom of ends . Therefore both these constructs. that of self-legislation. and that of the possible land of terminals. are automatic effects of the liberty of the will. If we accept the liberty of the will. as outlined by Kant. we needfully affirm the being of the other two. No philosophy of morality is being imposed at all. The confusion arises due to fact that Kant has volunteered the categorical imperative as a prescription for morality. This is truly a regulation of pollex. designed to look into whether our motivations have a cosmopolitan range or non. As it is found in theCardinal Principles of the Metaphysic of Ethical motives. it reads: I am neer to move otherwise than so that I could besides will that my axiom should go a cosmopolitan law ( 13 ) . Sing the accent that Kant puts on the categorical jussive mood it may look that he is enforcing a new criterion of morality. so one based on pure ground. Consequently. many have construed this doctrine as a tenet of ground. as does his modern-day J. G. Hamann. who besides describes such ground as a stuffed dummy ( qtd. in Berlin 8 ) . But Kant admits that prescriptions of the moral jurisprudence can non be put in dianoetic footings. However carefully we choose our words it will ever look to hold a motive that is contingent. Merely after doing us cognizant of these restrictions to human apprehension does he suggest a certain expression for the categorical jussive mood. which he describes as the best possible option when a verbal usher becomes perfectly necessary for us. The very definition of categorical imperative’ is an imperative dictated by ground itself. and non by any individual or point of position. Therefore. Kant is non stating that we should become self-legislators in the kingdom of ends’ . instead that we do . The lone thing that he stipulates that we should make is clear up our constructs of metaphysics. In his clip doctrine was in a hopeless confusion. The materialists were seeking to understand the nature of things in themselves . in order to set Newtonian scientific discipline on a solid foundation. This bespoke of a deficiency of metaphysical foundation. for such things are unknowable. and such psychotic beliefs would neer hold been entertained by the materialists if metaphysics had been good founded. The empirical sceptics. on the other manus. erred in the other way. and derided ground itself. Such incredulity besides bespoke of a serious confusion in metaphysics. Kant’s exclusive purpose is to clear up idea ( Prolegomena 110 ) . Morality is merely postulated as the natural result of a tenable metaphysics. Decision: To reason. Kant describes free will. as we usually know it. non to be truly free but heteronomous. By this he describes a will that is caused by contingent fortunes. Such a will can non be free because each cause is consequence to yet another cause. and the concatenation of eventuality can therefore be extended indefinitely. For the will to be genuinely free it has to be non dependent on any eventuality. Kant postulates that such a will does be. and he name it the independent will. The premiss to this posit is that the really act of consciousness dictates us that we are free. Such liberty can non be described in concrete footings. because to make so would be to present eventualities. But we are able to deduce some effects of liberty. When we act with liberty we follow the moral jurisprudence. which implies that such an act is motivated by the cosmopolitan good. All other Acts of the Apostless. those that we meet and recognize in daily personal businesss. are motivated by contingent good. and hence are passing in nature. The moral jurisprudence works towards the universal and lasting good. Therefore. to move with liberty is to be a natural law-giver. By the same item. an independent act is done from a sense of responsibility. Therefore the terminal is an terminal in itself. Moral jurisprudence therefore works towards the constitution of kingdom of ends . Contrary to a popular misconception. Kant’s kingdom of ends can non be established by deliberate agencies. for any deliberation is needfully contingent. Kant’s existent intent is to clear up metaphysical constructs for us. and thereby topographic point metaphysics on a solid foundation. Plants Cited Berlin. Isaiah and Henry Hardy.Against the Current: Essaies in the History of Ideas. New York: Viking Press. 1980. Kant. Immanuel.Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by Werner S. Pluhar. Boston: Hackett Publishing. 1999. Kant. Immanuel.Cardinal Principles of the Metaphysic of Ethical motives. Whitefish. Meitnerium: Kessinger Publishing. 2004. Kant. Immanuel.Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysicss. Translated by James W. Ellington. Boston: Hackett Publishing. 2001. Schmidt. James.What Is Enlightenment? : Eighteenth-Century Answers and Twentieth Century Questions. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1996.

final outline PIL Essay

final outline PIL Essay final outline PIL Essay Emily Clarke Public International Law Ludwikowski December 3, 2014 Outline-The Sindhu River Case BACKGROUND FACTS I. What is the Sindhu River and why is it important? The Sindhu River is a vital resource for transportation, food, and drinking water in the South Asian region between the countries Budhistan and Rajadesh. The river is roughly 2,000 miles long and flows into the Indian Ocean. The source of the river starts in Rajadesh and flows into Budhistan where it then empties into the Indian Ocean. The Sindhu River has experienced hardship from drought in the last twenty years. The Sindhu River shrank to roughly half its normal size, which led to the rationing of water for human consumption and agricultural purposes. This is also led to the area surrounding the river to be exposed to desertification in the area of the Rann Sindhu, which divides Rajadesh and Budhistan. In 1950, these two countries met together with United Nations Environmental Programme to decide how to prevent further desertification in the area. The result was the 1950 treaty-â€Å"The Convention on Friendship and Good Neighborly Relations† -which designated the Southern part of Rann Sindu as a border. II. Controversy with Sharing of the Sindhu River On the eve of the meeting, Rajadesh discovered that Budhistan had assigned government work crews in the desertified area where the Sindu River used to be in order to establish gas and drilling sites for commercial development. Rajadesh was outraged because they believed this margin of the Rann of Sindhu constituted the Rajadesh and Budhistan border. At the UNEP meeting, Rajadesh proposed the building of a large dam that would bring new innovation to this area in the form of hydroelectricity and irrigation methods. Budhistan did not agree to this plan, but Rajadesh proceeded to build the dam anyway since the Soviet Union agreed to finance and build the dam in exchange for oil and gas rights in Rajadesh. II. Problems Associated with the Build Dam There were positive and negative effects. A. Positive Effects The positive effects were that irrigation and agriculture greatly expanded into the area of Rajadesh. The land also became fertile and the hydroelectric power supply triggered more industries. On the other side of the border, Budhistan was hit with many undesirable effects from the dam. There received much less water flow, the water was unfit for human consumption and irrigation practices, and the water was contaminated from the pesticides and fertilizers. B. Negative Effects On the other side of the border, Budhistan was hit with many undesirable effects from the dam. They received much less water flow, the water was unfit for human consumption and irrigation practices, and the water was contaminated from the pesticides and fertilizers. The water levels were so contaminated that Budhistan’s annual religious baptismal ceremonies that took place in the river could be postponed. C. GROWING TENSIONS Budhistan threatened to close its ports and waterway of the Sindhu River from Rajadesh unless they returned the water levels to normal flow. Rajadesh in response blamed the Soviet Union for the problems since Soviet Union backed the building of the dam and its engineers built it. Budhistan and Rajadesh have concerns about The reasonable and equitable share utilization of the Sindhu River The pollution from the dam The concerns with freedom of navigation The border and boundaries of Budhistan and Rajadesh as defined by the Sindu River ARGUMENTS I. REASONABLE AND EQUITABLE SHARE UTILIZATION The Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters International Rivers International guideline regulating how rivers and their connected groundwaters that cross the national boundaries may be used. Rules cannot really be enforced. The Berlin Rules on Water Resources is a set of guidelines that is customary applied to water sources when crossing international or national boundaries. It expands the Helsinki Rules.

Rock Tumbler Basics and Buying Guide

Rock Tumbler Basics and Buying Guide Basically, there are two ways you can go about buying a rock tumbler. You can pick up the standard educational-toy model online or at most toy stores or you can get a hobbyist/professional model. Whats the difference? The Standard Model Most toy stores carry various takes on the same model of ​a  rock tumbler. This is a rotating tumbler that comes with rocks, grit, and some jewelry findings. This model is fun and can last indefinitely with proper care. Be advised that your choice of rock size is limited by the small rotor power and that it may be difficult to get replacement parts (e.g., broken belt from overweighted tumbler). Rotating Tumblers The toy stores carry a type of rotating tumbler, where the rocks fall over and over and over, polishing rocks in much the same manner as the ocean has for millions of years. I recommend buying a tumbler from a company that has been around a while, with an established record of quality and service. Eventually, you will need a replacement part; you want the company to still be there when that happens. Lortone offers several sizes of tumblers, some with double barrels.   Vibrational Tumblers Vibrational or agitating tumblers dont actually tumble the rock, but use either ultrasound or spin around the vertical axis. They cost a bit more, but have two characteristics that make them more desirable for certain users: they polish rocks much more quickly and they retain the essential shape of the rocks rather than producing only rounded rocks. They are a bit quieter, too. Raytech is an established manufacturer of vibrational tumblers (and other lapidary equipment). Size Does Matter ...and for most people price does too, so balance the needs of your inner rock hound against the limitations of your bank account. Tumblers are sized according to the weight of the load they can continuously bear. The most common cause of rotor failure and belt breakage is improper or over-loading of the barrel. Smaller barrels hold smaller rocks (no big surprise), so larger barrels can hold both bigger rocks and more small rocks. Double barrels can be used to polish lots of rocks or to ensure a really good polish (if you reserve one barrel for that purpose). Helpful Preparation Tips Okay, so youve selected your tumbler! First, keep the time it takes to tumble in your mind (about a month for a rotating tumbler/ week or two for vibrating or agitating types). Get vaseline to seal the barrel against leaks! Buy extra grit (unless you want to keep that as an excuse to go out and buy more stuff). If noise is a concern, consider getting a cooler or other sound insulator to house the tumbler.

HNBS 105 Aspects of Contract and Negligence Essay

HNBS 105 Aspects of Contract and Negligence - Essay Example There must be some hard and fast regulations that indulge the legal bindings while the contracts are executed. If any of the above stated essential features is missing in a contract, the contract will not be accepted by the legal authorities. Such a contract will not be sued in the court against the guilty party (Deno, 1982). The essentials are drawn only to provide a legal back up to the contracts such that no party can harm the interests of the other one. The courts play an arbitrary role in this stance hence it is constrained to execute the entire document of essential features of the contract (Shenson, 1990). Legal Contract: It is a simple contract which is executed to fulfill any legal requirement which is most commonly in practice (Clement, 1903). All the contracts like partnership, buying selling and the remaining minor categories which can draw any contract and ultimately it may lead to legal binding in case of being guilty at any end. Social Contract: Most common example of the social contract is marriage where two individuals are bound under the back of legal authorities. It is basically a stance which remains between two or more individuals. This kind of contracts may be legal or not. Sometimes it confuses with the promises as well. Quasi Contract: it is an ethical jurisprudence under the head of contract. For example, if you find a bag full of currency at some public place then it is your ultimate duty to make it reach to its real owner. However it is also a questionable scenario (Shenson, 1990). Many schools of thought do not consider the second, third and fourth type as a full contract. Rather they take those as partial contracts (Deno, 1982). These contracts are also known as implied contracts which are understood while in concrete legal contracts, all the clauses are set by the parties. For example, in marriage, the clauses are preset as the general

Maltreatment and the Developing Child Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Maltreatment and the Developing Child - Essay Example The caregivers’ (mostly, the parents) role therefore is crucial to the development of the child. Without proper care and attention, the child would likely suffer from malnourishment, emotional and mental maladjustment issues. Based on these considerations, this paper shall now discuss the possible impact of extreme deprivation and neglect on the development of a child. It shall use examples of cases and case studies in order to enhance knowledge on this issue. The nature and the nurture debate have set forth the importance of both genetics and experience in the development of our brain. In generally accepted terms, medical specialists emphasize that nature or genes are responsible for the basic wiring plan, the formation of the cells, and the connections between the different brain regions (Oliver, 2007). Our experiences (nurture) are responsible â€Å"for fine-tuning those connections, helping each child adapt to the particular environment (culture, family, peer group) to which he or she belongs† (Oliver, 2007, p. 1). Even as the cells of our brain are already developed and we cannot do anything about how they are developed, the environment still has an influence on the development of the brain. Based on years of research on neuroscience, an infant’s experience usually has a permanent impact on the wirings of the brain (Eliot, as cited by Oliver, 2007). Upon a child’s birth and subsequent development and growth, his brain cells are fired and wired together. In the process, cells that are highly active are preserved and strengthened, and other cells or synapses which are not active are pruned away (Oliver, 2007). A child’s brain therefore requires constant stimulation in order to develop its full potential. â€Å"Their best learning is from being highly attuned to human stimuli – interacting with your face, voice, and touch. Singing, talking, and reading to

Discussion Board reply Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Discussion Board reply - Assignment Example s emerged due to its associated costs especially to the insurance industry, where it cost the American populous roughly $520 billion over a period of five years. In biblical reference, we are required to help the poor, orphans and widows thus the government helps the church through donations, and the church helps the poor. While it is evident that costs may be towards unemployment compensation, it is hard to ignore the benefits, the economy stands to gain. Association of demand and supply determines if a company can produce goods for a market that are willing and can afford to buy the product. If demand or market of good exists then a company can produce and sell the product (Asmundson, 2013). The company will be willing to produce and sell the product if the profit margins are right for the business. If the costs exceed the profit margin then, the product is not viable for the business since the product will not be marketable. If the company can produce and sell a product to which a market exists and the possibility of profit making then the firm should produce and sell the

Bring Tare To Justice Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bring Tare To Justice - Case Study Example In October 2007, a winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature donated her money for a campaign that holds Boney Tare accountable for the Anglo-Mesopotistani War in the criminal and civil courts of England. The Lobby started a campaign with the slogan, 'Bring Tare to Justice'. The lobby has approached for advice on the advantages and disadvantages of suing Boney Tare in Civil Courts for Torts of Trespass against Tare in person and against Misfeasance in Public Office. There are thus two ways that justice could be brought against Tare - that is, against Tare as a person and against Misfeasance in Public Office. The potential claimants at the Lobby who can help sue Tare are Omar, who has been interned by the British Army for the last four years in its Detention Facility in Mespotistan, Ali, who was the victim of torture by two British soldiers who were subsequently court-martialled for their acts. Doris, a UK citizen who has never been to Mespotistan, but who is strongly of the opinion Tare should pay exemplary damages to those he has trespassed against. Fatima, whose husband died in the March 2003 bombing raids. Considering an answer to these questions would be the best method to understand the ways in which any legal proceedings could be brought against Boney Tare both on the basis that he has wronged in person and that there has also been Misfeasance in Public Office. After considering the four potential claimants who can help sue and testify against, it can also be decided as to who would be better suited to testify against Tare. For law dealing with the Trespass against the Person, the first issue is whether the English Courts have jurisdiction over a decision taken in England to commit false imprisonments in Mespotistan. Boney Tare can be sued on the basis of Tort or for committing legal wrong of Trespass and Misfeasance. Tort is a branch of Civil law and although similar to criminal law Tort is a case between private parties so in this case, under Tort a case can be brought up against Tare as an individual and Omar who was at the detention facility in Mespotistan or Ali who was a victim of Torture could bring up the case against Tare. The court might order to pay damages to Ali or Omar or stop the wrongful activity (in this case, the invasion and war in Mespotistan). The bilateral aspect of Tort law allows victims to sue the injurers directly without blaming the state and this provision can allow

The Republic of Panama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Republic of Panama - Essay Example at could ensure the reclamation efforts were designed for the attainment of full sovereignty over the whole territory as well as for securing its independence in economic, political as well as on cultural matters. With the main aim of the changes being the achievement of complete freedom of the country’s social organization at the local level, it would be possible to insinuate that the changes would be of great benefit to the country. Some of the other objectives that would be beneficial include enhancing the people’s capacity to cooperate with people from the external world, and autonomy in making decisions related to its foreign affairs (Conniff, 2012). These changes led to the enhancement of the country’s productive capacity, which is a consideration that is likely to be beneficial not only to the whole community, but also to the trading partners. The changes stopped the appropriation of the country’s energies, which were exploited by supranational economic powers. For this reason, the changes were necessary for securing the nation’s autonomy, thereby emphasizing that the country has its inviolate territory (Conniff, 2012). This stresses the fact that the country has the sole use of its territory, which is strengthened by the development of a community that is aware of its history and that it is united in pursuing actual social justice. The treaty between the United States and Panama, signed in 1903, made it possible for the United States to construct and operate the canal joining the Pacific and Atlantic oceans across Panama (Conniff, 2012). The treaty provided the United States ability to occupy, control and use approximately 10 miles the width of the Canal Zone in perpetuity. In this case, the U.S. would hold full sovereign rights of the area, which led to numerous conflicts between the two countries in during the 1660s and 1970s. In restitution, the United States assured the independence of Columbia. However, this treaty, among others that were

Pledge to Action against Cyber-bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pledge to Action against Cyber-bullying - Essay Example Internet has truly made our school life easier. Aside from this, the Internet also keeps us close with our peers, including the long-lost ones. Through instant messaging and social media, conversations are truly easy with just a click of a mouse. It, thus, draws us closer to our loved ones, and connects us to those whom we share our interests with. Along with the good sides of the Internet are its downsides as well. With the increasing popularity of Facebook and Youtube, people sometimes make use of the strong reach of such websites to spread bad rumors about other people. This, we all know, is cyber-bullying. As pointed out by Erick Fisher in his article entitled Blah Blah Blah Blog, cyber-bullying is a phenomenon that children and adolescents seem to be increasingly using to harm others. In addition to this, Childnet International claimed in its article entitled Safe to Learn: Embedding Anti-bullying Work in School that cyber-bullying is a common feature in the lives of many young people. This is also reinforced in the online research of Robert Bamford on Cyber-bullying which stated that the significant and substantial changes in youth society are a result of new information and communication technologies. Therefore, the ease of creating and communicating in cyber space has led to changing patterns of participation. In this light, we have become active shapers of the nature of cyber world due to our capacity to develop and refine cyber communication devices. Unfortunately, it has turned out to be a bad thing. As teens, we surely want to protect our identity, be it in the real or in the cyber world. Thus, there is a need for us to come together and put an end to cyber-bullying, or at least lessen the incidences related to this negative online phenomenon. While the oldies may point at promiscuity and decadent morals of teens as the primary culprits behind cyber-bullying, we can surely prove to them that we can make an act against cyber-bullying, an act that is not only substantial, but also cool. Appeal to the Youth: Act against Cyber-bullying We believe that we are shapers the shapers of tomorrow. The future lies in our hands. With the immensity of the opportunities that lie ahead of us, it is crucial for us to ensure that we always uphold human values which will protect the dignity of human person. We always need to side with the good. Therefore, as we recognize the convergence of the media—which creates a more convenient venue for inter-personal communication, we need to remain stable in our values. Although we believe that the ultimate key to solving cyber-bullying is through the education of our will to always respect other people, we think that we can further concretize our actions by drafting specific measures that are relevant to us youth today. With this, let us all join hands in tightening our campaign against cyber-bullying. Let us act now! Project PTAC: Pledge to Action against Cyber-bullying According to two great adve rtising gurus David Ogilvy and Leo Burnett, a great idea is useless unless there is solid execution. Thus, to ensure that our vision is turned into a reality, we would need to get the help of each one. Execution I: PTAC Website As what most people say, ‘keep your friends close, and your enemies closer’. Obviously, if we want to help lessen cases of cyber-bullying, we have to attack it not only in the right manner, but more importantly in the right venue. Thus, the first step is

The Republic of Panama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Republic of Panama - Essay Example at could ensure the reclamation efforts were designed for the attainment of full sovereignty over the whole territory as well as for securing its independence in economic, political as well as on cultural matters. With the main aim of the changes being the achievement of complete freedom of the country’s social organization at the local level, it would be possible to insinuate that the changes would be of great benefit to the country. Some of the other objectives that would be beneficial include enhancing the people’s capacity to cooperate with people from the external world, and autonomy in making decisions related to its foreign affairs (Conniff, 2012). These changes led to the enhancement of the country’s productive capacity, which is a consideration that is likely to be beneficial not only to the whole community, but also to the trading partners. The changes stopped the appropriation of the country’s energies, which were exploited by supranational economic powers. For this reason, the changes were necessary for securing the nation’s autonomy, thereby emphasizing that the country has its inviolate territory (Conniff, 2012). This stresses the fact that the country has the sole use of its territory, which is strengthened by the development of a community that is aware of its history and that it is united in pursuing actual social justice. The treaty between the United States and Panama, signed in 1903, made it possible for the United States to construct and operate the canal joining the Pacific and Atlantic oceans across Panama (Conniff, 2012). The treaty provided the United States ability to occupy, control and use approximately 10 miles the width of the Canal Zone in perpetuity. In this case, the U.S. would hold full sovereign rights of the area, which led to numerous conflicts between the two countries in during the 1660s and 1970s. In restitution, the United States assured the independence of Columbia. However, this treaty, among others that were

Favorite Food Essay Example for Free

Favorite Food Essay â€Å"so exactly where are we going again?† I asked my dad while pulling out of our driveway. â€Å"Just wait I know youll love this restaurant,† he announced. He was taking me to Espinoza’s, an authentic Mexican restaurant. There was a large window right beside the door when you pull in, with a big, orange, neon sign with the words ESPINOZAS written in capital letters. My dad opened the door and I led him in. Right when we walked, there was a young girl, about five feet and 3 inches tall, who asked us in an accent if it was just the two of us today. Behind her about eight meters away, was a bar like counter that was higher than normal, for when the chef prepared your meal, he could place it there to be brought to the table. We sat down at our table right beside the big window with the neon sign, a table for four. Two glasses of water were brought to us, by Maria, our waitress, who all the while made suggestions on their selection of other drinks. There was a glass fridge, like the ones at gas stations, directly behind where dad was sitting, and it contained all kinds of carbonated drinks. All the sodas were in glass bottles with classic looking labels, that had Pepsi, Coke, and some other ones with Spanish words on them. Right beside the fridge were two slushy machines. One slushy machine had a red drink called Aqua De Jamaica, and the other one a creamy white one, Horchata. Tamarind and infusions of hibiscus flowers are what give Jamaica its red color. My dad ordered Horchata, which is made from a combination of long grain rice, milk, and sugar. We both sipped on our ice cold drinks, while placing our orders to Maria. As we waited for our food to arrive, I headed towards a jukebox on the opposite side of where we were seated. I flipped through all the tracks of songs and in the end just chose one based on the the picture on the cover of the album. Just as I was heading back to my seat, I saw Maria with a circular tray the size of a tire filled with food. I scurried over to beat her to our table because I wanted to see why dad was so enthusiastic about bringing me to Espinozas. What happened next, I will never forget. The smell the awoke every last bit of my senses. An oval plate was placed in front of me, as if I were some royal being. Laid out in perfect layers were nacho chips that looked like a bloomed roses petals. On top of the petal-like chips were marinated chicken strips, grilled so you could see the marks on them, showing all of the effort that was put into its cooking. The chicken was seasoned with a blend of zesty Mexican spices. Hints of lemon, paprika, crushed peppers, and onion powder gave tastes of sourness to sweetness with every bite. Sauteed onions, sweet bell peppers, and tomatoes are what completed the next layer. Melted white cheese smothered the beans that were evenly distributed upon every nacho chip that existed on my dish. I took the first bite. Related by more than just the blood in our veins, my father and I are best friends. He has always known me more than Ive known myself. He brought me to Espinozas because we both share a love for Mexican dishes. The flavors of the spices remind us of the connection and joy we have in our friendship. He even called me last night to remind me about the soccer game that would be on in ten minutes between Barcelona and Real Madrid. They tied one to one.

Observational Cinema And Forms Of Ethnographic Filmmaking Film Studies Essay

Observational Cinema And Forms Of Ethnographic Filmmaking Film Studies Essay There are many film styles which one can adopt to make an ethnographic film and observational cinema is one of them. Observational cinema includes direct and và ©rità © cinema which developed back in the 1960s. David McDougall was the most enthusiastic critical person when it came to observational cinema and also the most skilled person which used this type of ethnographic filmmaking. There are various implications when it comes to new technologies that anthropologists are still struggling with them till today. If it wasnt for the new technologies anthropologists would find it difficult to sync sound enabled documentaries because they really needed to show interactions in informal settings. Since, it never was possible to do so because an anthropologist needed a studio dramatization with fundamental fictionalization. This shows that there was a shift from the public to the private and also from the general to the particular. In the past, the pre-sync sound documentaries depended on a third-person commentary. The comments were used to contextualize the footage, to deliver the message and to elaborate sophisticated arguments captured by the anthropologist filmmaker. Commentary by the filmmakers was becoming to be seen as an unnecessary obstacle. This happened because when the viewers are watching a documentary with the natives speaking in their own native language, the editor has to cut certain comments and the meaning of the scene tend to be lost. Previous ethnographic films tend to combine the voice of the filmmaker with the voice o the film and also that in turn with voices film-as-text and the subjects in the film (McDougall David, 1998, pg5). Observational films are the most acknowledged from authors of ethnographic films, which hold on the traces of filmmaking in a form of documentary. Moreover, McDougall, points out that the know-how of understanding and viewing these types of observational films, is a very passive one which it shows the scene moving before you can notice it. This shows that the filmmakers view is important and challenging which is usually heard only through a voice. The 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s observational cinema, have given a new start for a style that is based on interviews, intercuts with archival or actuality footage. McDougall during an interview in the Film Teaching and the State of Documentary had used the same harmony sound of the new technology which had lead the way for observational cinema, both the early technology and the new technology are different in their character. When it comes to documentaries which are based on interviews, one notices the earlier style of observational filmmaking, which was going to takeover. Usually, in a standard dialogue, people are usually encouraged to say what they want and do, so that they can reflect what they had really experienced after a phenomenon. On the other hand, observational filmmakers, such as ethnographers, focus more on the life o the natives and how they actually live it, more like participatory observation. The person, who is doing the film, has to be sure that the saying or doing are drifting apart together. Somehow, the phenomenologist forgets that one should reflect on the person living his life rather than interpreting it. If certain scene have been staged for the camera, therefore they are not exactly real, may have similarities to those who act in the real self, but the final result wont be real. Observational cinema is more likely to think about the natives to get on with their own life when they are being observed rather than interrupting from their daily life. This type of filmmaking didnt want people to speak about themselves or to narrate their experiences especially when it is in front of the camera. David and Judith MacDougall influenced the ethnographic filmmaking even though through the years from 1970s onwards it continued to develop. Their films such as the African and the Australian films shows are still popular even today. Before this development in filmmaking, ethnographers didnt use subtitles when it comes to their documentaries, but the MacDougalls have introduced the subtitles in the ethnographic filmmaking rather than being talked over from the voice of the anthropologist. Subtitles had an important influence because the use of subtitles showed that the Non-Westerners, had also their intellectual lives, not as the Westerners used to think. As they used to shoot, MacDougalls still tied the natives to their physical and psychological limited perspectives. The aim of the film ethnographer is to capture the details through camera or photography but the fact that people are influenced by the presence of the ethnographer is rather an implication, therefore the ethnographer should have an aesthetic precision (McDougall David, 1998, pg9). There are various observation documentary films which reveal the real life which belong to a certain importance to journalism. This happens because in every society there is a public and political orientation. Now I will be discussing the implications they encountered during their practices with their new techniques in areas where tradition anthropology is enquired. From the start, David and Judith had their own ideas. They wanted to show the outline of every stage of their practice. The MacDougalls also wanted to show the differences they adopted from that of Jean Rouch, who altered the process of ethnographic exploration into a mystical or shamanistic journey, seeks to subvert the very kind of intellectual reasoning (Grimshaw, Ann, 2009 pg 122). Without any uncertainty, David MacDougalls writing reflects the recent cinematic ethnography development which they tackle realities of every day life of a particular society. Ann Grimshaw calls this technique as the metaphysic (Grimshaw, Ann, 2009 pg 122).. The work of David and Judith MacDougall will remain popular for their new way of observing things. Grimshaw tackles an epistemological perspective, where she argues that when someone questions something about knowledge needs to answer the question to its depth. The MacDougalls works such as films and writings are marked by a drive for clarity (Grimshaw, Ann, 2009 pg 122). Various anthropologists have searched for new methods to make documentary filming so that they can study Western societies. All they had to do was that they had to seek for something that renders things in their natural state, so that the film could make it to a larger audience. The method was that the ethnographer places him self as a filmmaker and therefore he views a certain type of ritual. The advantage of this method is that the ethnographers divided their methodological lines and observed while they also found the time to interact with the agency involved. On the other hand, Rouchs followers which are usually English speaking found it difficult to interact with the people of that particular society, unless an interview. Anthropologists by time started to adopt this observational filmmaking approach. The difference between certain other methods and this approach is that other methods tell very little to the audience and everyone can deduct his or her own story from the pictures seen. Films such as observational cinema involve people which they seem to be the owners of the wealth and effort of human experience (McDougall David, 1998, pg129). As a sort of implication the participants was seen as the co-conspirator in the filmmaking for not leaving the filmmaker out from his / her own film. This shows that the filmmaker gives much importance to the natives of the country rather than interrupting him/her self. When an anthropologist starts his or her research first s/he has to interact and then be accepted as part of that group. But when it comes to an anthropologist using the filming method, this builds a wall between the anthropologist and the natives because the anthropologist finds it difficult for him/her to show him / her self with the natives while being filmed unless there is someone else filming. Filmmaking doesnt leave much room for energy because all the energy is drained out with the camera so that the anthropologist can have an excellent result. This may lead for the anthropologist to reduce his or her participation with that society and therefore it is difficult for an anthropologist to recall whatever s/he has captured if not participated. Ethnographers are more likely to study non-Western Societies, which are very delicate to tackle and to study. The weakness of this situation is that since these societies are very weak, the ethnographer when it comes to film making should make him/herself as the recording instrument of history, which the pressure is on the ethnographer to weigh down the efforts to pursue more specific lines of inquiry (McDougall David, 1998, pg130). The situation leads the ethnographer to impersonate. Even though we, as spectators, are viewing people through the finalized film, as if they do not maintain anything on us, it is still up to us to understand whatever they mean by the things or rituals they make. Our situation combines a sense of immediacy with an absolute separation (McDougall David, 1998, pg130). With this observational method, the filmmaker is more likely to understand the meaning through a film or a picture rather than by understanding the meaning of the ritual by involving him / hers elf into the setting. The filmmaker became more of an eye of the audience, frozen into their passivity unable to bridge the separation between themselves and their subject (McDougall David, 1998, pg131). Films rather than tackling the abstract are more enthusiastic to tackle the specific, is deemed to be incompetent of serious intellectual expression. There are more than enough ethnographic films around which contains a doubtful interpretation, with a justification as a conclusion. Finally, Evans Pritchard also made a critique to Malinowski, where he stated that the themes are more than a descriptive synthesis of events. It is not a theoretical integrationthere is consequently no real standard of relevance, since every thing has a time and space relationship in cultural reality to explain everything else and from what ever point one starts on spreads oneself over the same ground (McDougall David, 1998, pg131). What Pritchard wanted to say was that it takes more from a descriptive observation to understand a situation; it takes to involve one self to understand what the meaning behind every situation is.

Gender Roles and Stereotypes Essay -- Gender Studies

Girls are supposed to play with dolls, wear pink, and grow up to become princesses. Boys are suppose to play with cars, wear blue, and become firefighters and policemen. These are just some of the common gender stereotypes that children grow up to hear. Interactions with toys are one of the entryway to different aspects of cognitive development and socialism in early childhood. As children move through development they begin to develop different gender roles and gender stereotypes that are influenced by their peers and caregivers. (Chick, Heilman-Houser, & Hunter, 2002; Freeman, 2007; Leaper, 2000) Play is frequently used to asses cognitive and social development because it is cost-effective, can lead to direct interventions, and can be used to supervise progress. (Kelly-Vance & Ryalls, 2008) According to Blakemore, Berenbaum, and Liben (2009) cognitive development can be assessed by cognitive- environmental and developmental- constructivist approaches. Cognitive- environmental refers to the influence that parents and peers have in modeling gender appropriate behaviors. Developmental- constructive refers to the process that children use to create their own concepts of gender and gender-appropriate behaviors. Though both genders seem to spend the same amount playing, boys and girls differ in several aspects of play. Girls tend to engage in more socio-dramatic play that includes higher levels of play sequence than boys. Girls also play in a more scripted way with toys. (Cherney & Dempsey, 2010; Cherney, Kelly-Vance, Glover, Ruane & Ryalls, 2003) Both play sequence and scripted play determine play complexity therefore the intricacy of play depends on the gender of the toy. (Cherney & Dempsey, 2010; Cherney et al., 2003) this in... ... W., & Mize, J. (2001). Contextual Differences in Parent--Child Play: Implications for Children's Gender Role Development. Sex Roles, 44(3/4), 155-176. Miller, C., Lurye, L., Zosuls, K., & Ruble, D. (2009). Accessibility of Gender Stereotype Domains: Developmental and Gender Differences in Children. Sex Roles, 60(11/12), 870- 881. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9584-x Trautner, H. M., Ruble, D. N., Cyphers, L., Kirsten, B., Behrendt, R., & Hartmann, P. (2005). Rigidity and flexibility of gender stereotypes in childhood: Developmental or differential?. Infant And Child Development, 14(4), 365-381. doi:10.1002/icd.399 Zosuls, K. M., Ruble, D. N., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Shrout, P. E., Bornstein, M. H., & Greulich, F. K. (2009). The acquisition of gender labels in infancy: Implications for gender-typed play. Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 688-701. doi:10.1037/a0014053

The Theme of Capital Punishment in Norman Mailers The Executioners So

The Theme of Capital Punishment in Norman Mailer's The Executioner's Song Throughout this entire book many different points of view are present. Since the main topic of the book is the murders that Gary Gilmore committed and the controversy of his sentence, it was difficult to choose the exact thesis. I believe I came pretty close with the one that I have chosen. I believe that Norman Mailer's thesis in The Executioner's Song (1979) is: The controversy over capital punishment. One reason I believe that this is the thesis is because Gary Gilmore says, "Nicole my inclination is to let them execute me." (473) By Gary telling Nicole, his girlfriend, this he shows that he is ready and willing to accept the fact that what he did was wrong. His preferred method of execution is to be shot....

Global Warming: Causes And Effects Essay

1.0 INTRODUCTION â€Å"Pollution has caused many kinds of effects to the environment that the different forms of pollutions are harder to be controlled and sadly, they have become more serious throughout the years. Apparently, other than natural disaster it is evident that the major cause of pollution is the irresponsible act of human being. Global warming has become a hot topic nowadays and we must take up the responsibility to resolve this problem. Global warming can be defined as the unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released by people burning fossil fuels†. ( Random House Dictionary,  © Random House, Inc. 2011. ) The image of the factory exhausting the gases that creates greenhouse effect. Fig 1: Referring to the above picture, it is clearly proven that the gases from factory has polluted the air , creating an increased in greenhouse effect- heat-trapping, primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. This has also destroyed the atmosphere since most of the gases trap in the air. This is one of the effects of global warming as the temperature rise the warmth would cause the atmosphere to become thinner and thinner. As a conclusion, we have to solve this problem before we lose everything as a consequence of what we have done to Mother nature. 1.1 DEFINITION Global warming is when the earth heats up (the temperature rises). It happens when greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrous oxide, and methane) trap heat and light from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere, which increases the temperature. This hurts many people, animals, and plants. Many cannot take the change, so they die. 2.0 THE CAUSES & EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING 2.1 CAUSES 1: The Greenhouse Effect One of the main causes of Global Warming is the Green house effect. When the emission of infra-red radiation in the atmosphere warms a planet’s surface, it is known as the Green House Effect. The Greenhouse effect is a natural phenomena occurring on planet Earth. There are natural as well as human-made causes of the greenhouse effect. Industries are also one of the major cause of the Greenhouse Effect because of burning of fossil fuels, oil, coal, and gas and releases those gases into the air. The natural causes of the Green house effect are the emissions of gases like nitrous oxide, carbon-dioxide, methane, ozone and water vapour. The greenhouse effect is actually beneficial to the Earth. It is only when human-made processes increase its speed that the problems occur. One main problem is the oft repeated ‘Global Warming’. Population growth also is a indirect contributor and one of the causes of the Greenhouse effect. the increase in population, the needs and wants of the people increase. Therefore, this increases the manufacturing processes as well as the industry processes. This results in the increase of the release of industrial gases which catalyst the green house effect. The increase in population also results in the increase of agricultural processes. Most man-made machines, like the automobile also contribute to the green house effect. (D’Silva R.) Fig 3: The Greenhouse Effect. A heat-trapping blanket of greenhouse gases — primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide — in the atmosphere can cause potentially significant changes in the timing and length of the seasons, temperature, and the amount and frequency of precipitation. ( Washington State Department of Ecology) Fig 2: From which sectors do the major greenhouse gas emissions come from? The lower part of the picture shows the sources individually for the gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, respectively. EFFECT : The Greenhouse Effect Drought is one of the effect that causes by the Greenhouse Effect, and it is driving current increases in food prices around the world, which means one day the price of grains might be higher than fuel. The number of malnourished people decreased up until the late 1990s, and that number is still increasing.In addition, according to a 2005 world health organization report, there is 150,000 annual deaths that tied to the climate change. Climate related deaths are expected to double in 25 years. Industrialized countrties maybe sheltered from the current impacts of the climate change, but not others. Heat waves are also on of the effect that causes by the Greenhouse Effect. Solution : Reduce carbon dioxide emission First of all, Replacing a regular incandescent light bulb with a compact fluorescent light bulb (CFL) CFLs use 60% less energy than a regular bulb. This simple switch will save about 300 pounds of carbon dioxide a year. Fig 3: fluorescent light bulb Moreover,Cleaning or replacing filters on your furnace and air conditioner Cleaning a dirty air filter can save 350 pounds of carbon dioxide a year. Fig 4: cleaning air conditioner The third solution is to Move your fridge and freezer Placing them next to the cooker or boiler consumes much more energy than if they were standing on their own. For example, if you put them in a hot cellar room where the room temperature is 30-35 ºC, energy use is almost double and causes an extra 160kg of CO2 emissions for fridges per year and 320kg for freezers. 2.2 GLOBAL DIMMING Global dimming can also be one of the causes of global warming. It is caused by an sulphur aerosol in the atmosphere. Aerosols are created naturally and as an effect of human activities such as combustion engines of vehicles, especially for diesel engines. Dust is a kind of aerosol, whereas large volcanic eruption releases aerosols too in the forms of clouds and ash. This can spread around the globe for months and blocks the sunlight in and reflect back to the space. Thus, global warming occurs. ‘However, it may be giving us a false sense of security by partially masking the severity of the greenhouse gas induced problem, leading us to take action less quickly than we should do mitigate that problem.’ ( Russel, R. 2007) Global dimming also increases the risk of forest burning for drying tropical forests. This Will release more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Fig 5: Sunlight is blocked by too many of sulphur aerosol. EFFECT Global dimming will rise the temperature over the next 100 years by 10 degree centigrade. Black soot aerosols reduce the amount of sunlight reflecting back into space, causing more sunlight to be absorbed and thus, global warming occurs. SOLUTION In order to prevent the rise in global dimming, the best solution is to reduce the burning of fossil fuels. People should reduce the usage of vehicles to cut down the amount of aerosols being released 2.3 DEFORESTATION ‘Deforestation are also one of the causes of global warming. Trees are one of the most important aspects of the planet we live in. It is also vitally important to the environment and all of the living things in the world.’ (Putatunda R.) They are important for the climate of the Earth, they act as filters of carbon dioxide, the are habitat and shelters to millions of species, and they are important for their aesthetic appeal. However, the trees on our planet are decreasing due to the developing of industry. They cut down the trees for lumber that is used for building materials, furniture, paper products, and living stuff that human need. There is so many trees has been depleted because of the short term of economic benefits. According to some estimates, there is more than 50 percent of trees has disappeared due to the human activity. One of the most worrying factors today is the massive destruction of the rainforests of the world, which is affecting the biodiversity adversely, as well as being one of the major contributory factors of the Holocene mass extinction that is ongoing. Forests are also cleared in order to accomodate expanding urban areas. And all this will rise the temperature of earth up because of too much of carbon dioxide. Fig 6: The temperature of earth has risen in the last hundred years. EFFECT : Trees contributes in a large way in maintaining the water cycle. They draw up water by their roots, which is then released into the atmosphere. A large part of the water that circulate in the ecosystem of rainforests, for instance, it remains inside the plants, When these tress are cut down, that area will be dry because of disruption of the water cycle. On the other hand, without the support of the roots of trees, the land with too much of damp will causes landslide. SOLUTION : Reforestation should be planned by the government. Under this process, the government of a country should implement eco-factory where only selected areas of trees can be cut down and transported with minimal damage to the forest. Secondly, land use planning advocates environmentally friendly development techniques, such as reduction of urban and suburban sprawl. Community forestry—where concerned citizens come together to manage and participate in keeping their local forests viable and sustainable’ ( ways to reduce deforestation and repair the damage 2008) Thirdly, green business should be carried out. Each and every developing and advanced countries should focus on recycled paper and wood products. The countries stated should be responsible for environmental consumerism. 3.0 CASE STUDY CASE STUDY 1: PROBLEM IN NIGERIA Global warming is caused mostly by the emission of greenhouse gases, and largely are from industry production, agriculture, transportation and material consumption. The effect on Nigeria and other parts of the african continent has been steadily raising water levels along the coastal areas, with some parts of these places now underwater while others are condemned to being submerged in due course. Moreover, There have been unusually extended droughts and serious desertification, and this problem makes Nigeria falls into the growth of poverty. CASE STUDY 2: PROBLEM IN CHINA China is one of the fast developing countries in the world. At the same time, China is also one of the global warming causing country. There are many power plants and vehivles in China. The air surrounding of the power plant is in bad condition and this will harm human health. In addition, China is also one of the fifth country which is used the most coal. All of this not only will harm human health, all of these will also bring disaster to the world, not only in China. China government wanted to give the best to their people. However, they did not realize that what they are doing now is causing a lot of problems. Global warming causs climate change rapidly which destroy crops. Consequently, people in China are facing food shortage, and many trees are also have been chopped down to expanding urban areas. In conclusion, the increase of population in China leads to global warming. 4.0 CONCLUSION In a conclusion, we must try our best to solve the problems and strive to reinstate balance on our earth for sake of our future generations. BIBLIOGRAPHY (Rincon Consultants, Inc.) â€Å"Greenhouse Gas Emissions And The Greenhouse Effect† http://www.lake-elsinorecap.org/resources.html (Petrone M.) â€Å"How to Stop Global Warming† http://globalwarming-facts.info/50-tips.html (Riebeek H.) â€Å"Global Warming†. June 3, 2010 http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming/ (Putatunda R.) â€Å"Causes and effects of deforestation†. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/causes-and-effects-of-deforestation.html (Earth Talk) â€Å"What is global dimming†.November 15 2010 http://www.politicalaffairs.net/what-is-global-dimming/ (Admin) â€Å"Global dimming†. Nobember 25, 2006 http://www.mywebschool.org/postnuke/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&f ile=article&sid=144 (Korieocha Godwin P.) â€Å"A case study of global warming in Nigeria†. December 21, 2010 http://www.internationalpeaceandconflict.org/group/nohasarkngopeacecooperationdevelopment/forum/topics/a-case-study-of-global-warming

Research Method in Biological Level of Analysis Psychology Essay

Examine the use of one research method used in the biological level of analysis, including an evaluation of the ethical considerations related to them. The case studies method consists in taking a patient personal history in order to take a diagnosis. It is usually applied in persons that have abnormal characteristics in behaviour, at biological or at cognitive level; it can also be applied to a group of people that are under the same situation. Case study is a long-term research where the patient or the group of people are studied to get into a conclusion. This type of study investigates and recollects qualitative data, such as feelings and experiences. At the same time it also includes quantitative data of measurements such as blood testing, IQ scores and other survey data. An example of case-study method is the Phineas Gage research. Phineas was the man who had an accident and a metal pole entered through its skull. It entered through his left cheek and exited through its frontal lobe. There were many factors that made of this situation really abnormal. Just after the accident Phineas was awake. He lost the vision in his left eye, but in his right eye the vision was perfect. Besides he didn’t suffer any paralysis and had no difficulty with speech or language. However, the doctor noted that his intellectual abilities and his emotional control had been destroyed. Gage had become impatient, indulgent and though he made plans for hi future he could never follow them. He could be described as a child. According to the long-term case study, his frontal lobe provided evidence that the brain affects personality and social behaviour. This is a really important research because it presents one of the biological level of analysis, the one that refers there are biological correlates of behaviour. Here we can see how damaged physiological factor can affect behaviour. Besides it shows us how case studies are really useful, because not all changes in behaviour happen from one day to another. As this study evidenced the process in which the behaviour starts to see affected is a long-term process. Case studies of the brain-damaged patients have led to important findings about the brain. According to the ethics in this type of research, probably there are more negative facts tan positive facts. Case studies researches are not ethical because the patient is treated, observed and examined like it is a completely different person compared to the others. Besides it can invade your personal spaces and take you away some privacy. The researcher gets to know deeply personal information fro the patient, which is not usually shared with other people. Besides, some of this information may be published or at least written up as a research report, in order to be used in a future as valid information in researches, etc. That’s why the identity of the person should be always protected; the researcher needs to cover all the details that could lead others to work out the individual’s identity. In the case of Phineas Gage most of this ethical considerations weren’t taked into count. They didn’t covered up his identity, beside they go into details of his personal life. In conclusion the case studies are really important because are the ones that lead us to conclusions about real life issues and particular problems. The researches done by this method are really accurate and play a really important role in psychology biological level of analysis.

Hughes Promotes the African Civilization Essay

Still recognized as one of the literary giants of America, Langston Hughes played an important role as a writer and thinker of the Harlem Renaissance. This was an artistic movement of African Americans that arose during the 1920s to celebrate the lives and culture of Africans in the United States (â€Å"Langston Hughes†). Because most of the African Americans had been brought to the New World as slaves of white masters, it was poets and writers like Hughes, an African American man, that helped to change the perception of African Americans in the minds of the whites once slavery had been abolished. Hughes’ poems, â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† published in 1926, and â€Å"Negro† published in 1958, therefore depict African Americans as ordinary human beings like everybody else, and yet richer in culture and civilization than many others, seeing that they have participated in the construction of the great â€Å"pyramids,† mentioned in both poems (Hughes, 2007; Hughes). Hughes was direct and open about the fact that his writings were meant to uplift the conditions confronting Africans in the United States (Hughes, 1923). They had been slaves, so therefore the whites did not respect them enough even after the abolishment of slavery. â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† was published five years after the Tulsa Riot and during the Harlem Renaissance (â€Å"Race Riot, Lynchings, and other Forms of Racism in the 1920s†). â€Å"Negro,† on the other hand, was published at a time when racism was considered a bigger problem than before. In fact, during the 1950s racism was at the forefront of American thought (Lewis, 2002). Many battles were fought to set blacks equal to whites in the minds of all Americans. Hughes’ contribution of the 1950s, his poem â€Å"Negro,† was only different to the extent that it was an artist’s contribution. Countless other Africans were fighting on the streets of America to set things right once and for all. Both poems, â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† and â€Å"Negro,† are expressions of African American identity. The first poem begins thus: â€Å"I’ve known rivers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hughes). In the second as in the first, although the poet has made clear that the narrator is a negro – the poem, â€Å"Negro† begins with the words, â€Å"I am a Negro† (Hughes, 2007). Because the whites had been masters over African slaves, they were inclined to look down upon Africans. Since the whites were owners of property in America and certainly richer, the blacks longed to be like the whites. But, Hughes would like the Africans to feel at home in their own skins. With images of rivers as grand as of the Euphrates, the Nile and the Mississippi – the poem, â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers,† reminds the African of his or her historical roots or the history of the great African peoples who have traveled across all of these rivers adding value to the historical streams of cultures. The poem has irregular, long lines without rhythm because it is making a basic point: the African soul is as deep as any human soul could be. The African individual indulges in deep thinking as he travels across ancient rivers. What he must dwell on is his own identity on foreign soil. Remembering the history of his civilization, he must keep in mind that life carries on. What’s more, the poet reminds his fellow African that the black race has survived despite all odds (Hughes). Because â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† was published during the peak of Harlem Renaissance, it refers to depth of the African soul, given that art is often understood as the voice of the soul and the Harlem Renaissance was all about promoting African art and culture in the United States. Using gentle images such as the Mississippi’s bosom â€Å"turning golden in the sunset,† the poet uses his emphasis on rivers to stand as a symbol for the depth of the African soul (Hughes). â€Å"Negro,† published during the 1950’s also mentions â€Å"depths† (Hughes, 2007). As in â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers,† the depths mentioned by Hughes in both poems most likely refer to the depth of African knowledge too. After all, both poems refer to the history of Africans. â€Å"Negro,† with its sentence arrangements describing either what had happened to Africans or what they have done in the history of the African civilization – also makes mention of the experiences and/or skills that set Africans apart, for example, slavery and singing (Hughes, 2007). The poet represents all Africans in both his poems, â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† and â€Å"Negro. † What is more, both poems mention the fact that the Africans were part of the labor force that built the ancient pyramids. In â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers,† it was the African who â€Å"looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it† (Hughes). In â€Å"Negro,† the pyramid is said to have arisen under the African hand, implying that the African was greatly skilled even at the time of ancient pyramid construction (Hughes, 2007). The main difference between the two poems, â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† and â€Å"Negro† is, undoubtedly, the spirit of hope felt through the first poem versus the sense of despair mixed with hope in the second poem. Hughes must have composed â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† in a different frame of mind altogether. The poem clearly promotes the African American culture and art as originating in the deep history of humanity (Hughes). Although â€Å"Negro† makes mention of world history too, it does not necessarily promote African American art, apart from its reference to singing. The African American may be considered as more of a laborer or low paid worker than an artist in â€Å"Negro† (Hughes, 2007). Perhaps the poem was not written to promote African American art at all. As mentioned previously, the 1950s saw the whites and blacks of America fighting over the question of equal rights of Africans in almost all major areas of state functioning, including education. There were severe problems related to racism during this period of American history. Clearly, blacks were being looked down upon. It was in the mood of that hour that Hughes composed â€Å"Negro. † The poem speaks of the ordinariness of the African individual while describing the good uses that Africans have been made of, for example, in the construction of the â€Å"Woolworth Building† (Hughes, 2007). â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† is certainly not dismal or depressing like â€Å"Negro,† mainly because it does not make mention of slavery and victimization as the second. After all, Hughes is fighting against injustice toward African Americans in the 1950s. In the 1920s, his cause was entirely different. If â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers† had made frequent mention of darkness as does â€Å"Negro,† the Harlem Renaissance could not have been considered a harbinger of hope (Hughes, 2007). References Hughes, L. (2007, Dec 2). Negro. Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http://amandafa. blogspot. com/2007/12/negro-by-langston-hughes. html. ————–. (1926, Jun 23). The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. The Nation. Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http://www. hartford-hwp. com/archives/45a/360. html. ————–. The Negro Speaks of Rivers. Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http://www. wmrfh. org/dcrews/index_files/Hughes_The%20Negro%20Speaks%20of%20Rivers. doc. Langston Hughes. America’s Story from America’s Library. Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http://www. americaslibrary. gov/cgi-bin/page. cgi/aa/hughes. Lewis, C. H. (2002). The Rise of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s. Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http://www. colorado. edu/AmStudies/lewis/2010/civil. htm. Race Riot, Lynchings, and other Forms of Racism in the 1920s. Retrieved Mar 15, 2009, from http://www. assumption. edu/ahc/raceriots/default. html.

Retail industries of UK Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Retail industries of UK - Dissertation Example Despite of the fact that the UK economy was going through recession, but the overall sales of the industry had increased in 2009 as it reached a figure of over ?285billion. It has been estimated that this figure would further increase in the years to come. Also with the world economy and UK economy recovers itself from recession, retail industry would be one of the most beneficial industries as this would further increase the total revenue of the firms in the industry (The Scottish Government, 2010). By the end of 2010, the total retail units in the kingdom were approximately 286,000 (Arch, 2010). The food retail industry is an important industry for the UK economy as over the years it has been able to contribute a lot to GDP of the country. In addition to this, food retail industry is a significant one for United Kingdom economy as it has been able to consume considerable portion of the employment. According to a report, there are more than half a million people working in the indus try representing almost 13% of the total workforce of United Kingdom. Food retail industry consumed more than 12,750 permanent jobs throughout 2010 which represents an annual growth of 2.1% in the jobs of food retail industry from the year 2009 (The Scottish Government, 2010). ... The total sales of online retail industry equalled ?2.8 billion from Christmas 2009 to Christmas 2010 and they also found that there has been a growth of 44% in terms of time spent by respondents shopping online (Internet Retailer, 2011). Tesco is the market leader in the UK food retail industry for years and it has been dominating the market with market share of almost 31%. Tesco is also considered as the third largest retailer of the world in terms of revenue, after Wal-Mart and Carrefour. Tesco recorded total revenues in the year 2010 – 2011 were more than ?60 billion with a net profit of ?2.67 billion (Tesco, 2011) PROBLEM FORMULATION There are several firms in the food retail industry competing against each other on the basis of Price, Products, Promotions and Placement. However, among these four factors, price is the most dominant one. Consumers in the food retail industry are very much attracted and targeted by firms in the industry on the basis of cost and this is the reason why, most firms in the industry including Tesco and Asda have used Cost leadership strategy. This strategy has allowed firms to keep their overall costs low and thus offer the products at a lower price than the competing firms to the customers. With improvements in technology, the industry has been able to improve its sales because of e-retailing and the e-retailing has provided several opportunities for the firms in the industry to grow and expand their business as well as improve their market share. Also the response of consumers have been very positive towards e-retailing as shopping online is far more convenient, saves time and energy. Because online